Lifecycle of a Plastic Product Essay Example for Free

Lifecycle of a Plastic Product EssayOur life has been full with the uses of charge plate in our daily life, in food and beverages to the appliances surrounding our daily life. Plastic was made from simple chains of molecules that atomic number 18 linked together called as Polymers. Thus, make many an(prenominal) types of plastics are named starting with Poly such Polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) More commonly kn possess as rubbish or garbage such as packaging products, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, household appliances, paint, these daily items we use then throw away, and battery. It comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses 2.Each year, a report on the EPA Advanced Certificate steering Amendment Facts and Figures 2013, formerly known as Municipal Solid Waste in the United States Facts and Figures. It contains information on municipal solid waste generation, recycling, and dispo sal. MSW trace later 30 years, source limit reports (waste prevention) MSW and MSW tipping landfill fees for historical information, generation and demolition Additional information on the information, which has been extended to include outside the scope. The new name emphasizes the grandness of sustainable content management (CM).CM refers to the use and recycling of materials in a more productive and durable manner throughout their entire lifecycle. SMM practices to defend resources reduce waste, slow climate change, the materials we use to reduce their impact on the environment. In 2013, nearly 254 million tons of garbage, recycled and converted to US fertilizer products of 87 million tons, equivalent to 34.3 percent recycling rate was generated. On average, we recycled and 40 40 pounds per person per day.Even from that, plastic is a very crucial vary of our everyday lives, as it been used and basically drive out be found everywhere. Some examples of usage of plastics are in electronics and surgical instrument as plastic is lightweight, cheap and easy to build. Other than that, plastic is very useful when dealing with durability along with times, it is because plastics dont easily be damaged by surrounding, unlike iron that can rust over time if in contact with water. Plastic also has a great impact on our now telecommunication, as the world evolves with the technology, a higher demand for internet is needed and graphic symbol optics cable for faster communication with others is needed. The main substances used to produce fiber optic is plastic, in vehicles plastic move is also one of the major parts needed as it used because it optimizes the power usage and makes them more efficient. The parts that used plastic in a vehicle are including seats, polycarbonate windows and interior panel.Basically, plastic has its own advantages and disadvantages that made it impossible to be ban completely as its usage in every part of daily lives. Even though, it has an important role as one of the vital resources in domestic and also industrial, because of plastics characteristics that are durable, water-resistant, lightweight and cheaper. The usage of plastic needs to supervise and handled appropriately for disposal. Not properly disposing of plastic could lead to plastic pollution due to the basic attribute of plastic that made it so durable and take thousands of years to decomposed 1.The overuse of plastic and plastic pollution could give a number of effects on the environment and ecosystem. The effect to the environment is the landfills of plastic wastage due to overuse of plastic because of it cheaper and easier to be obtained. Other than that, an open burning with plastic will release sober chemical gasses to the air and could lead to impotence, cancer, asthma and etc. other than that, an authorized disposal of plastics to the sea or river could harm the animals live inside it. From a research, the turtles by and large die because of th e plastics that they consume because turtles were mistaken plastics as jellyfish. Besides that, another effect to the animals is the entanglement of plastics to the body of turtles, dolphin and etc. that could affect the animals growth. on that point are several of ways that human can contribute to ensuring a smart usage of plastic to avoid plastic pollution. The easier ways to contribute is by shop friendly when shopping at the market to buy the needs for home, by having oneself shopping bag the usage of plastics can be reduced. Secondly, is to bring your own food container and drink bottle to reduce the usage of plastics from the packaging of your food and plastic bottle that cannot be reusable. Nonetheless, recycling is one of the vital ways that can help in reducing the usage of plastics because by recycling the plastics can be disposed of appropriately.

Spearman VS. Gardner Essay Example for Free

Spearman VS. Gardner EssayCharles Spearman (1904) defined and developed a unilinear testing approach to general intelligence (g), which is based on a positive correlation among change subjects like math, earth sciences and vocabulary. Gardner (1983) proposed there were multiple intelligences (MI), or seven areas of intelligence, linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal, and that each person has more than one of these skills. While testing of g intelligence is settle down used to assess overall IQ, universities and corporations look at the wider consideration offered by Gardner. Spearmans theory creates an environment that places strong emphasis on getting a eminent IQ score and high scores on a number of placement tests useful for inculcateing. However, as Gardner has said, these place too high an emphasis on IQ and test scores, and in ignores certain intelligences and abilities that people canister bring to the workforce. Relying solely on IQ test scores not only can exclude an single with superior a talent (g) from getting a proper education in the area of expertise, but can eliminate the individual from the education and professional arena altogether. We are all endowed with multiple, genetically determined forms of intelligence that can be enhanced through practice and learning, thus far this is ignored in the process of rewarding individuals for high IQ according to Spearman.Unfortunately, MI theory is only just being put into practice at the educational level. Wallace Shilkus, a middle school technology education teacher in Illinois, wanted to know how relevant technology education was to middle school students whether his methods of instruction made a difference in the classroom and whether Gardners multiple intelligences had a role to play in the classroom. (Merrill, 2004, 6). Shilkus tied the in-class study to action query to papers his teaching methods and benefits to his stu dents in 2001, and found (using CO2 cars as the activity) that his students demonstrated most of the intelligences. Throughout this process, Shilkus noticed differences in himself as the teacher and his students as the learners. Moreover, Shilkus notice that by presenting the material and requirements of the CO2 car activity in different forms, the students excelled. (Merrill, 2004, 6).Spearmans theory still reigns, as Gardners theories are just being put into practice, qualification one wonder what would happen to IQ testing and educational systems if, based on Shilkuss success, Gardners MI were put into practice on a scale glide slope that of Spearman. Apparently, Gardners theory that students are being held back is supported and if his theory were put into practice, all students could excel and increase their chances for success in the workplace.I believe that Gardners ternary Intelligence in more inline with society today. Knowledge cannot be put into just two types and test ed that way. There are umteen different types of knowledge and if you included more of them into tests and stopped timing people on tests there would be a clearer understanding of why there are so many people failing the tests. You would know exactly what is wrong and could teach them more in-depth on that subject. Common sense is also a type of intelligence that demand to be tested if testing for the perfect IQ. A person could be a genius when it comes to academics, but study no understanding of common sense. You would have to be a genius in both to truly be a genius. IQ tests are not very accurate and do not go in depth enough on subjects. There may not even be a way to fully test to canvass if someone is a true genius. It would be a challenge to come up with a test to see if someone is an all around genius.ReferencesGardner, H. (1983). Frames of creative thinker The theory of multiple intelligences. New York Basic Books.Merrill, C. (May 2004). Action research and technology education. The Technology Teacher, 63, 8, 6.Shepard, R Fasko, D, Jr Osborne, FH. (2004). Intrapersonal intelligence affective factors in thinking. Education. Available http//elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=searchgroupid=1requestid=lib_standardresultid=1ts=BA95D521D01A59E9BB67234C183BF7B4_10891053177

Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply strand Risk circumspectionA global lend fibril is subject to mis boothaneous types of furnish and demand uncertainties existing at different nodes of the write out ambit giving rise to a variety of run a bumps that croupe live to disruption. Companies that stay on top of put up ambit bump make their businesses more(prenominal) resilient. They screwing enhance the companys competitive position, support growth and ram in measurable returns. Many companies have recognized this and argon now undertaking supply mountain stove of mountains seek direction programs This research paper reviews published approaches to supply chain take a chance instruction and tries to understand how the risks differ in two major industries-electronics and pharmaceuticals. For managers, it provides knowledge of the types of risks that whitethorn be present in their supply chain and presents a variety of strategies for identifying and managing the uniform.IntroductionGlobalisat ion, multiple channels to market, the pressure to run lean supply chains extending beyond traditional organisational boundaries, and the deal to embrace foreign divideies such as contract manufacturers and logistics proceeds providers, have left the modern supply chain increasingly vulnerable to risk and to possible disruption. Economic disruptions including notes fluctuations, commodity outlay volatility, and sudden downturns in demand and ownership or investment restrictions imposed by governments have become more frequent and more visible since the financial crisis of 2008. Despite significant growth in inter subject field exchange, cross-border movements ar vulnerable to customs regimes, tariff and non-tariff barriers, quota systems, security concerns and infrastructure bottlenecks. All these risks can be clubbed into- macroeconomic, extended value chain, operational and functional risks.Almost two-thirds of the respondents to a global peck conducted by Mckinsey consis ting of executives, say that the risks to their supply chain have change magnitude over the past years. A significant of them excessively agreed to the fact their companies dont take any measurements to mitigate these risks. (Source September 2006 Mckinsey Quarterly global survey of business executives)Thus there is a clear need to review risk management practices as they pertain to both long-term strategic and short-term tactical decision-making. Organizations should review their risk exposure against objective, transparent criteria, with costs balanced against the benefits of potential methods for mitigating risk.. There are two sides to supply chain risk managementRisk respectment and mitigationResponse to supply chain disruptionBoth are necessary partings to an utile supply chain risk management strategy. With strong risk mitigation strategies in place a company is ready to face a given supply chain event. However, not all(prenominal) events may be anticipated. When these events occur, accompany must be prepared to respond quickly and effectively or risk suffering financial and customer service spilles. Both the quantitative and qualitative risks will be covered through this paper. A step by step approach to tackle SCRM is proposed-Assessing risk To assess risk, an inventory of primordial risks is build, along with the effects and probabilistic likelihood of each risk. A supply chain probability and impact matrix needs to be built.Designing a frame transaction to manage the supply chain Once assessed, supply chain risks need to be managed via a framework that integ order all the key risk capabilities required. Implementing supply chain risk mitigation Companies need a robust action plan funded with the fascinate resources to address the core of the risk issues and enforce treatment.The objective of this paper is to propose a spatiotemporal risk management and mitigation model for global supply chains. The model is intended to equip managers wit h a step-by-step procedure to identify, assess, and manage risks in their global supply chains, and guide future research. The paper reviews various risk mitigation techniques proposed in different papers in this subject and tries to understand its significance in the electronics and pharmaceutical application.Literature ReviewManuj and Mentzer (2008) say that due to demanding customers and competitive pressures, businesses today are restructuring themselves to operate on a global basis to take advantage of the international output, factor, and capital markets. There are several concerns in direct globally, including economic, political, logistical, competitive, cultural, and infrastructure. Typically, a firm operating internationally is part of a complex supply chain. Global supply chains require highly coordinated flows of goods, go, information, and cash within and across national boundaries. Maximizing profits in a multi-national environment include sourcing from locations that offer the lowest total procurement cost, manufacturing and assembling reapings in least cost countries, and selling in high potential demand centres. But Wright and Datskovska (2012) are of the opinion that through lean do byes and the geographical concentration of production, most executives would probably say that their supply chains and transport networks have become more efficient. These advances in efficiency, however, have also changed the risk profile for their supply chains. Janat Shah (2009) proclaims that lean techniques have created chains with lasting paths and shorter clock speeds resulting in more opportunities for disruption and a smaller margin for error for a disruption to take place. Lengthy supply chains are increasingly proving to be a source of concern in the face of disruptions in sourcing, production and distri barelyion of goods and services. As a result, many organizations need to take a hard look at supply chain risk and to review their plans and p rocedures for dealing with a broad range of new contingencies.Supply chain risk classificationWagner and Bode (2008) describes a supply chain risk as the combination of (1) an unintended, anomalous triggering event that materializes somewhere in the supply chain or its environment, and (2) a consequential situation which significantly threatens normal business operations of the firms in the supply chain. We can describe a five step approach to supply chain risk management- Risk Identification, Risk Assessment and Evaluation, Selection of Appropriate Risk Management, Implementation of Supply Chain Risk Management Strategy and relief of Supply Chain Risk. Different authors have described various classifications of risk sources. Various supply chain risks can be change integrity as Supply, Operational, Demand, Security, Macro, Policy, Competitive and Resource risks. Chopra and Sodhi (2004) classify them as Disruption, Delay, Forecast, Systems, IP, Procurement, Receivables, Inventory and Capacity risks. Juttner, plenteousness and Christopher (2004) simplifies the classification to environmental risk sources, network-related risk sources and organisational risk sources.Risk appraisalPramod Kumar Mishra (2011) says that decisions on supply risks can be taken nevertheless when the impact of risks on the companys business can be evaluated. This can be quantitative or qualitative depending on the resources available. Risk assessment involves exploring what if scenarios like those below can help groups identify, understand and prioritize risks, a key prerequisite to tailoring effective risk-mitigation strategies. Manuj talks of two methods-probabilistic choice and risk analysis methods depending on the repeatability of events. Janat Shah has described constructing a probability and impact matrix to assess risk. Historical data may be used to understand the behaviour of risk probability distributions. However, there are many instances when there is none, inadequate, or unreliable historical data. In such cases, techniques such as the Delphi method may be used to assign probabilities. But Iyer(2008) says that this exercise is challenging because the relationships in the midst of risk factors are not static. one decision or risk factor may impact other risk factors.Risk mitigationRisk management is focused on identifying and assessing the probabilities and consequences of risks, and selecting appropriate risk strategies to reduce the probability of, or losses associated with, adverse events. Basically risk mitigation strategies can be classified primarily into seven categories avoidance, postponement, speculation, hedging, control, share/transferring, and security. Hult, Craighead and Ketchen (2010) have suggested real options based method. Janat Shah has created a matrix with investment required for mitigation and risk score as the axis to decide the mitigation plan. Juttner, Peck and Christopher (2004) in there paper have qualifyd an appro ach based on avoidance, control, cooperation and flexibility. Avoidance is through dropping product lines, markets, supplier or partners. They define a control approach through increasing stockpiling and buffer inventory, maintaining excess capacity and imposing contractual obligations. Cooperation is mentioned to be through joint efforts in information sharing and preparing continuity plans. Flexibility can be through multiple sourcing and localised sourcing. Blos, Wee and Yang (2009) have devised a framework based on business continuity planning. Depending on the demand and supply uncertainty, the authors have also defined a matrix aligning the strategic objectives of the firm with the supply chain objective and the mitigation plan to be followed. An efficient, responsive, risk hedging and agile supply chain each have different plans. There are also devised methods for continous risk monitoring-stress testing and Tailoring Risk Management approaches.Trade-offThe biggest challenge companies face is mitigating supply-chain risks without eroding profits. Juttner, Peck and Christopher (2004) summarised the trade-off decision as (1) Repeatability versus unpredictability, ie barter the benefits of repeatable appendagees against the cost of a lack of flexibility (2) the lowest bidder versus the known supplier (3) centralisation versus dispersion decisions in production and distribution (4) collaboration versus secrecy, ie while sharing more information on e.g. the results of risk audits would better place organisations to manage supply chain risks, it could also deter potential customers or weaken the bargaining position (5) redundancy versus efficiency, ie managing the conflict between excess capacity in a supply chain and the efficiency-focused lean look-alike aiming at the elimination or drop-off of waste. A final, maybe paramount supply chain trade-off decision is between managing risk and delivering value. This is the trade-off between the extra costs rela ted to most of the mitigating strategies and the total costs of supply as a main principle of contemporary supply chain management.Risks in pharmaceutical industryEnyinda, Mbah, Ogbuehi (2010) reports on the empirical findings of the quantification of risks that decision makers consider most important when deciding on a risk portfolio to mitigate and the manner in which risks are prioritized according to their importance in the pharmaceutical sector. The empirical findings suggest that decision makers attached great importance to talk through ones hat, nutrient and Drugs Board, and exchange-rate fluctuations. With respect to risk-mitigation strategies, risk reduction is considered most important, followed by risk avoidance. Dynamic sensitivity analysis with respect to a change (increase) in the Food and Drugs Board did not result in any change in the ranking of risk policy options, while a change (increase) in counterfeit resulted in a change in the ranking between risk reduction and risk avoidance. Risk avoidance ranked number one, followed by risk reduction. The paper leverages the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to quantify risk mitigation.Greg Brandyberry (2010) reports five important trends in risk management practices in the pharmaceutical industry.Sensible cash-flow management With the changing environment of increase regulation, price controls, generic-drug competition, and longer and more expensive research and development cycles, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have become much more focused on supply-chain cash-flow management strategies (following the lead of other industries that began implementing these strategies as many as 25 years ago). These strategies consist of a combination of programs that strive to better balance cash inflows versus cash outflows.punter balance of low cost versus low risk. Global supply chains have been under development across pharmaceutical industry since decades. Outsourcing, combined with affordable co untry sourcing, is even riskier. The US Food and Drug Administrations recall of heparin in 2008 due to contamination of lots produced in China is another example. In this heparin recall, the drug was oversulfated as Chinese heparin manufacturers were unethically cutting the medication with chondroitin sulfate to cut down on manufacturing costs. This incident had devastating impacts on those who had chosen to use this Chinese supplier. FDA reported that there were hundreds of serious adverse reactions and scores of deaths among tolerants that had taken the heparin (2). The hard lessons learned from this incident have do it important for companies to revaluate their low-cost country sourcing strategies. They are evaluating risk versus cost and rebalancing their supply strategies to less riskier profiles.Comprehensive strategic-procurement initiativesStrategic sourcing is a pragmatic and structured procurement process. This process is conducted over several steps and includes rigorou s internal and external analysis development of multiple strategic options weighted for risk and cost strategy plectrum madecollaboratively with business stakeholders well-orchestrated negotiation and detailed implementation planning, supplier selection, and ongoing supplier management, including continuous-improvement activities.SustainabilityWhen it comes to embracing sustainability and green behaviour in manufacturing and product specifications, several big(p) corporations such as GlaxoSmithKline (London), Proctor Gamble (Cincinnati), Diageo (London), and Unilever (London) achieved material cost savings, enhanced brand image, and generated increased demand for their products through innovative changes in primary and secondhand packaging components.Risk in electronics industryFrank Zwibler and Marco Hermann (2012) have suggested that most supply chains in the electronics industry are global networks consisting of a adept OEM, an A-supplier, and several small and medium supply companies (SME). These networks are characterized, firstly, by the dominance of the OEM or the A-supplier and, secondly, by the volatile electronics market and its strong fluctuations in demand, short product life cycles, and tremendous potential for technical innovation. Supply chain mapping, brain-writing method and stress, resilience and expense portfolio have been described as successive steps of risk identification. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique has been used for risk assessment. After assessing the different parameters, the so-called risk priority number (RPN) can be determined. Risk measures to control are similar to earlier described mitigation plans. Sodhi(2005) has outlined a process to manage this risk by suggesting two risk measures for demand- and inventory-related risk respectively and two linear-programming (LP) models one for allocating the plants replenishment schedule among the customers and the other to guide the request to plants for repl enishment over the horizon.Research lacunaeThere is an broad need for action in industry to implement supply chain risk management systems. Each industry differs in their management of supply chain risks. not only that supply chain risk management is not evenly applied throughout the different sectors, there are also great differences in the use and the implementation of supply chain risk management. A study comparing sector wise supply chain risk management is of immense scope.Research MethodologyMainly secondary research from peer reviewed journals, articles, websites and proceeds.AnalysisThe supply chain risk management process can be summarised as infix Supply Chain Risk Management FrameworkElectronics IndustryMore than ever before, electronics manufacturers are facing harsh realities. With further dismantling of trade barriers, globalization is now enabling companies to enter new markets each with its own standards and regulations creating fragmented product lines and distr ibuted networks of suppliers and vendors. Product innovation is receiving greater emphasis as global competitors turn up the heat and product lifecycles continue to shrink. The entire nature of demand has changed, placing traditional prognostic weak. The fact is, long-range planning and demand forecasting are increasingly and inherently losing their ability to guide manufacturers as the recent inventory crisis in electronics showed all too clearly.With the introduction of partners such as electronics manufacturing services (EMS) providers, component suppliers and distributors, original visualise manufacturers (ODMs), contract design manufacturers (CDMs), and other participants, it becomes more challenging to control that network of suppliers. Although original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) still have direct design relationships with the semiconductor. Suppliers, the purchasing relationship comes about through the OEMs partners, making inventory ownership ambiguous, blurring inve ntory visibility across the supply chain, and creating unstructured processes among partners for managing supply chain execution. general anatomy Electronics Supply Chain(Source QAD White Paper Successful Risk Management in the Electronics Supply Chain)Critical risksInventory Risk This is the greatest risk for supply chains getting caught holding inventory when a product becomes obsolete or demand shifts unexpectedly. With the highly volatile demand of electronics manufacturing, companies that rely heavily on demand-forecast accuracy face unnecessary inventory risks.Supply-Interruption Risk Conversely, no company wants to experience materials shortages that impact their ability to supply finished product to their customers. Supply interruptions are the ultimate opportunity cost for manufacturers.Capacity Risk In the cyclical electronics industry, most profits arise from new orders during a peak cycle concurrent with price premiums. Too little capacity presents significant oppor tunity costs. Conversely, excess capacity can negate the profits gained in the peak period. (Frank Zwibler and Marco Hermann (2010))Risk MitigationInventory VisibilityFaster Information Lead TimesSales and Operations PlanningManaging Key Performance IndicatorsManaging Inter-Enterprise Business ProcessesLean ManufacturingService and arrest ManagementAn IT backbone enablingSupporting a pull-based manufacturing and replenishment environmentAchieving inventory visibility across fragmented supply chains including multiple tiers and component suppliers and contract manufacturersMinimizing supply interruptions by reducing information lead timeComprehensive sales and operations planning (SOP) to optimize inventory at various points in the supply chainMonitoring supply chain KPIs including supplier and contract performanceManaging outsourcing operationsSupporting lean manufacturing and lean supply chain strategiesCreating aggregated supply plans to drive strategic sourcingThis ability to as sess the impact and exposure from sources of risk made a big difference to the fortunes of Nokia and Ericsson, which were leading cell phone vendors in 2000. In March 2000, a fire broke out at their common supplier Phillips NVs semiconductor plant in spick-and-span Mexico, forcing the plant to remain shut down for several months. The difference in outcomes between the two companies was dramatic-Nokia came out of the disruption stronger and gained market share, while a well weakened Ericsson lost more than 400 million that year and ultimately exited the cell phone market in 2001. This difference was primarily due to Nokias comprehensive supply chain risk management program, which helped the company immediately-and accurately-estimate the impact of the shutdown on its business, and then react accordingly. Nokia switched orders to other Phillips plants and to Japanese and American suppliers, and redesigned chips to reduce its credence on Phillips products. By comparison, Ericsson wa s unable to assess the potential impact of the fire on its business and could not respond quickly to the incident.Pharmaceutical IndustryFigure Pharmaceuticals Supply Chain(Source Chartered Quality Institute Guide)Critical RisksCounterfeit DrugsAs pharmaceutical supply chains worldwide continue to experience increased risk levels, led by counterfeit risk, the WHO reports (1998) that 10% of all drugs distributed worldwide are counterfeits, with a disproportionate 60% rate in the developing countries. Pharmaceutical counterfeits can impose tremendous costs on both the pharmaceutical industry and patient safety. The costs through the actions of counterfeiters and diverters include more sick patients, loss of life, erosion of public health confidence, loss of brand image, reduced profit and reduced shareholder value. These costs are compounded by the costs of product recalls and the growing threat of counterfeiting and diversion. Compromised or untrustworthydrug value chains can create uncertainty , decrease investment, and decrease in researchand development.Food and Drugs BoardCompliance norms for pharmaceuticals can make or break a drug. Regulators are becoming much stricter about quality issues, increasing the size and relative frequency of mandatory product recalls. The number of drug recalls by the FDA increased by more than 28 percent in 2009 to 2010, for exampleExchange-rate fluctuationsForeign exchange rates can fluctuate dramatically over the course of a supply agreement and it is important to consider their impact upfront.Clinical trial riskThis is a risk specific to the pharma supply chain arising as a result of the drug development process.The empirical findings from Enyindas research using Saatis AHP indicate that counterfeit risk (0.453) is considered more important, followed by FDB (0.264), exchange rate (0.112) and other risks. This helps in inferring the ranking of the risks in the sequence presented above.Risk mitigation for CounterfeitsUsage of technology is the only means to curb the menace of counterfeit drugs.Sophisticated pack design and labelling using special inksHologramsTags and tamper-evident sealsField agents actively investigating instances of counterfeit productConsumer sensory faculty ProgramsEnyinda Szmerekovsky(2010) have proposed that U.S. pharmaceutical firms must turn to SR supply chain to better track and trace prescription drugs. And the key enabler to SR supply chain is RFID technology that has been touted as the holy grail. Because of the significant promise that RFID has, FDA recommended its adoption by the pharmaceutical industry in order to achieve and meet the electronic fall requirement and compliance.Effective risk management requires the ability of the decision maker to rank and prioritize a portfolio of risk factors involved in the supply chain. Managing the risk throughout the supply chain now means taking a systemic view. The goal is to build a system that can detect and work around an y major supply-chain weaknesses.DiscussionHypothesisH0 All industries face similar supply chin risks.H1 All findustries do not face same supply chain risks.Analysis of the risks shows that each of the industrys pharmaceuticals and electronics has hypercritical risks which are quite unique to it in the case of the former. Firstly, Counterfeit risks are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical sector with irreparable damage and life threatening implication as a result. This can tarnish the company with a huge botch to its brand and spoil its top line in the short term. They have a higher potential of damage to the company in terms of pat revenue losses because of the inseparability in their appearance as compared to the original. This is not the same case with electronics where, there are ample amount of duplicates in the market but their appearance and performance can be easily scrutinized to arrive at a decision to buy. And they rarely have life threatening consequences.Secondly, p harmaceutical industry is controlled by the FDA who is a strict watchdog of the practices in the industry. New drugs receive extensive scrutiny before FDA approval in a process called a New Drug Application or NDA. The FDA reviews and regulates prescription drug advertising and promotion. After approval of an NDA, the sponsor must review and report to the FDA every patient adverse drug experience of which it learns. In electronics there is CEA, but they are not that a controllable authority as that FDA puts on pharmaceuticals.Thirdly, clinical trials through with(p) during drug development are very unique to the pharmaceutical research developing new drugs. Thus these particular risks are not a part of electronics industry and the generalised risk framework wont do for the same.They require specialised risk mitigation plans as discussed.Conclusion and Managerial ImplicationsSupply Chain risk management will be a key success factor for companies in a globalized world if they have im plemented a risk management process in their organizational structure.We have briefly reviewed several published literatures on supply chain risks. An effort has been made to define critical risks followed by its classification for electronics and the pharmaceutical industry. Several models of risk assessment from published sources have been reviewed .After this, several strategies of risk management is being presented.Supply chain risk management is thus a growing and challenging area with lot of research potential to be explored further. A future research scope would be to quantify the impact of various risks on each industry through primary research. Both pharmaceutical and electronic supply-chain risks are often related to a lack of information visibility or deviations in the information and physical flows from upstream to downstream, increased knowledge of essential risk management procedures and structures can significantly improve the ability of decision makers in implementin g appropriate mitigation treatments for identifiable risk portfolios.

Solutions To Environmental Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Solutions To Environmental Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayIt is believed that globalization has numerous benefits to the economy of China. In recent decades, China has witnessed quick economic growth due to economic reforms. Its GDP has increased by more than seven percent per annum. However the fact that globalization negatively affects the purlieu send wordnot be ignored. Apparently China is witnessing serous environmental line of works. Not only do these problems impair the progress in the economic development but too have harmful effects on the peoples health. The government of China can consider formulating clear policies, work the masses concerning these issues and using technology to tackle these problems. or so of the pollutions that demand to be tackled embarrass water, blemish and air pollution.T1. Soil Erosion1. BackgroundGlobalization has had a significant effect on the soil. This is because it causes deforestation which hence leads to soil erosion. The end result is desertification. Desertification for instance is cause by different reasons depending on the area. They include population pressure, socioeconomic factors, policy, and international trade as well as convey use patterns. Globalization decreases discharge productivity hence leading to degradation. As people clear forests so as to create space for mans activities care urbanization and agriculture, the land is left bare. There is nothing to hold the soil together. Such land is prone to soil erosion which if it persists could lead to desertification. Erosion degenerates land hence making it less productive. For farming activities lower the soil organic matter. This usually causes poor soil structure hence increasing the vulnerability of the soil to erosion.China is widely known for its extensive mining activities. There activities have rendered the land bare and hence makes it vulnerable to erosion.2. SolutionsTo tackle this problem, the government needs to educate the m asses on the dangers of deforestation and the importance of planting trees. The mining activities are supposed to be controlled so as to prevent the problem from escalating. People need to be taught on the best farming processes that will render the soil vulnerable to erosion. Gabions could also be built in areas that are adversely touch by the problem of erosion.T 2. Land pollutionBackgroundLand pollution occurs when hazardous wastes are disposed on the land. Such substances could be urban wastes, agricultural chemicals, fertilizers, industrial wastes and radioactive substances. Such chemicals contaminate the land surface as well as the soil and hence may render the land unsuitable for farming (Engelking 2007, p. 52). This occurs when the urban waste matter is discriminately dumped. The mining processes may also put up to the process. Such chemicals can lead to respiratory problems, skin complications, birthing defects, and even cancer (Engelking, 2009).SolutionsThe problem of l and pollution can be tackled by educating the Citizens of China on the hazard posed by littering the environment. The items that are used domestically could be recycled or reused. People should dispose the waste matter in the right manner. Organic waste has to be disposed in non residential areas while the inorganic matter should be recycled.T3. Water pollutionBackgroundThis involves the contamination of water bodies. This kind of pollution affects organisms and plants in these water bodies. This damages psyche species as well as the biological communities. This form of pollution occurs whenever pollutants are discharged into the bodies without undergoing treatment to remove the harmful compounds. Considering the fact that China is an industrialized nation, factories some(prenominal) opt to discharge their affluent into these water bodies. About 90% of the cities in China suffer from water this kind of pollution.Some of the organic water pollutants include detergents, chloroforms , and food processing waste, herbicides and insecticides, petroleum volatile organic compounds. Most of the inorganic pollution is caused by sulfur dioxide, ammonia, chemical wastes, fertilizers, heavy metal substances and silt (Hart, 2007).SolutionsThis problem can be checked by treating those wastes that are deposited to the water bodies. The sewage systems in especially in urban centers should be kept in levelheaded condition so as to prevent the organic waste from trickling into the water bodies. Erosion control measures should be employed to minimize the surface run-off. Farmers need not to overuse the agricultural chemicals.T4. Air PollutionBackgroundAir pollution involves the emission of toxic fumes into the air. Everyone in way contributes to air pollution in his/her capacity. Carbon dioxide is among the main pollutants of the air. This gas forms a big percentage of the gases that are emitted in many factories across China. Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation great ly contribute towards the increased levels of this gas in the atmosphere. It is also emitted during any volcanic activity. It is a major contributor towards global warming. Most automobiles, air jets, and marine vessels also relax fume to the atmosphere. Other pollutants include Aerosol sprays, nuclear fumes. Other dangerous gases that pollute the air include carbon monoxide and Sulfur dioxide. Air pollution can cause acid rain, which occurs whenever sulfur dioxide combines with Nitrogen dioxide (Hart 2006, p. 62).SolutionThis problem can be fixed through reducing the number of automobiles, recycling products, avoiding so much of the fire cracker use Companies have to treat the gases before they release them into the atmosphere.All these forms of pollutions can be reduced if the government will enact and utilize policies that are geared towards reducing the pollution. Companies should embrace social corporate responsibility by embracing environmental friendly policies. Globalizati on in general should be embraced cautiously because some of its effects could be very harmful to humanity.

Pros And Cons Of Delegating Human Resources Management Essay

Pros And Cons Of Delegating manity Resources Management EssayA billet of descent tell apartr is responsible for an employee or a spiel group who do not have any managerial responsibility. Some of the daily duties that a assembly statement manager under selects be people preserve, dealing with customers/clients, supervise work process, measuring operational achieveance, organising allocation and rotas and monitoring absenteeism. Although line managers play a vital role in bridging the top level caution and the get hierarchical staff on a daily basis, it is seen that most of the line managers, however, whitethorn not have formal precaution education because he/she is s wishly promoted from within.Due to the daily and frequent contacts between the line managers and the staff to whom he/she is responsible, it has been a more common practice to see the line managers undertaking some(prenominal) human resources responsibilities including recruiting and selection of employ ee the function otherwise employ to be exclusively of the human resource department in the past. This is widely practiced lately chiefly because of the fact that the line managers have a better understanding of the job that needs to be carried out in order to match the corporate system and trading operations strategy of the organisation. With the prevailing frequent communication between the line managers and the employees, it also contributes towards subjoind morale in the employees ensuring a high productivity and energy of the employees and enhanced focus on customers.Since most of the line managers do not have formal management education, they might not be fully reliant on the managerial tasks that they perform and hence they have drawback in their undertaking of human resources tasks although they have added value to the human resources professionals by allowing them to invest their time on more strategical issues.Pros and Cons of Delegating military man Resources rol es to Line ManagersConsIncreased speed of decision makingLine management responsibility for people issues topical anaesthetic management accountabilityPotential cost savingsStrategic role for central HR/IRShort lines of communicationLack of time to perform HR dutiesIncrease in line managers workloadAdditional costs of training managersIncrease in grievances/tribunal casesPotential for HR/IR to be marginalizedthe great unwashed management not considered to be part of the line managers jobProsIncreased speed of decision makingLine management responsibility for people issuesLocal management accountabilityPotential cost savingsStrategic role for central HRShort lines of communicationB. ConsLack of time to perform Human Resources dutiesIncrease in line managers workloadAdditional cost of training line managersIncrease in grievance/tribunal casePotential for HR to be marginalisedPeople management not considered to be line managers jobThe people and performance research carried out for the Chartered Institute of Personnel outgrowth (CIPD) by a team at Bath University (Hutchinson, 2003) put in that the line managers played a vital role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. They found that where employees feel positive about their relationship with their line managers they be more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty which be associated with higher levels of performance or discretionary behaviour. Discretionary behaviour is defined as that which goes beyond the requirement of the job to give extra performance which can move on the bottom line. Line managers also play the pissedest part in structuring peoples actual experience of doing a job.According to an online survey of 121 organisations, collectively employing almost a suck up of a million people, shows that four in five (80.2%) organisations have devolved responsibilities such as managing flexible working requests and handling grievance and dis ciplinary procedures to line managers everywhere the past few years. And two in three predict the role of line managers will take on even more HR functions everywhere the next few years. (Williams, 2008)Also, another interesting finding was that the line managers claimed to be satisfied with the HR responsibilities that have been devolved to them and are keen to take on activities that name explicitly to the breachment of their team. Most line managers report working closely with their HR counterparts and see the configuration moving towards a partnership. The line managers main concern is that a lack of support from HR during the delivery of the service can detract from the boilersuit effectiveness. They also note that junior level line managers are likely to feel less supported by HR and comment that it is merely their high level position that drives the HR-line partnership in their situations. (Susan Whittaker, 2003).The role of line managers in both public and private organ isations has changed quite significantly in recent years. The line managers have been allocated more responsibilities and are accountable not nevertheless for budgeting and allocating of resources, but most importantly for people management issues as per Hoogenboorn Brewster (1992.). According to some sources such as Storey (1992 190), he argues that line managers may surface be playing a far more central role in labour management than HR personnel. Whereas another source, Hales (2005) traces the great involvement of line managers in HR issues to two developments. He argues that the line managers have been taking on the role of a coach , conductor or a leader of a passing motivated team as a result of the spread of Human Resource Management and the adoption of more participative forms of management concern with securing high performance through commitment rather than control.Human Resource Devolvement has led to line managers acquiring middle management functions and becoming mini-general managers tended to(p) by the loss of supervisory functions d admitwards to work teams. It is hence more appropriate for line managers to take responsibility for people development since they operate aboard the people they manage and therefore it is argued that that their reactions are more immediate and appropriate (Whittaker and Marchington, 2003).Initial research indicates some positive support for line manager HR involvement. Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) found that line manager involvement in coaching, guidance and communication positively influences organisational performance. Likewise, a case study of line manager involvement in HR in the NHS by Currie and Proctor (2001) found that line managers are important contributors to strategic change when provided with discretion in implementing HR strategies within their own work groups.Whittaker and Marchington (2003) maintain that line managers increasingly welcome HR responsibilities and are prepared to take them on as they add variation and challenge to their work. Gibb (2003) argues that requiring line managers to be more involved in the HR issues may also lead to a switching of managers own attitudes towards HR, organisational change and thus a transformation of human relations at work (Gibb, 2003). By increasing line manager involvement in HR, it is argued that better workplace conditions will result as line managers have better understanding than specialists of the type and range of interventions needed. In this pursuit, line managers are advocateed by more effective and user-friendly human resource information systems, cutting technologies and Human Resource call centres, making it possible for line managers to handle some HR work without the assistance of Human Resource Department.It is seen that a speedy resolution of conflicts and lower rate of employee turnover is possible by moving Human Resources responsibilities closer to employees through line managers. Indeed, providing great er authority to line managers and encouraging greater initiative taking may address a long-standing criticism levelled at HR departments namely a lack of appreciation of the immediacy of the line managers lines (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002).According to Maxwell and Watson (2006), business partnerships between HR specialists and line managers have emerged as the dominant model for Human Resources operations within organisations. Similarly, Ulrich (2005) outlines the role of HR Strategic Partners as working alongside line managers to help them reach their goals by crafting strategies to maximise productivity through coalescence of corporate resources to these goals.We can hence understand that devolving HR responsibilities to line managers offers a number of benefits to organisations. A greater freedom to HR specialists to engage with strategic issues is provided alter them to forge closer relationships with line managers and a partnership model towards managing employee s is developed. Similarly, line managers understand and appreciate the complex nature of dealing with the employee issues and become more support and involved in everyday workplace management tasks.However, line managers have pointed various issues concerning HR involvement despite the above mentioned benefits of participating in HR activities. It will obviously increase their workload by getting involved in HR tasks. Increased workload leads to feelings of incompetence among line managers and reluctance to take responsibility for devolved HR activities. Indeed, this has led to feelings amongst some line managers of being dumped upon (Renwick 2003 265) or pushed upon to take new HR responsibilities (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002)) due to a climate of fear and surmise driven by HR. The experience and ability of line managers to take responsibility for HR issues may present a major barrier to devolvement. Both Whittaker and Marchington (2003) and Hailey, V.H., Farndale, E. Truss, C. (2005) elicit that line managers skills and competence in HR practices may be limited and a lack of training in this area will undoubtedly mint a line managers overall effectiveness. Incapability and misunderstanding of HR practices on the part of line managers will prevent the organisation from developing a strong learning culture (McCracken and Wallace, 2000) with McGovern et al. (1997) arguing that a lack of training may lead to inconsistencies in implementing organisational HR policies potentially exposing the organisation to lawsuits and employment tribunals. Their research though, indicates that management development is not a priority for the top management and reliance on the notion of trial-and-error is prevalent in organisations. Furthermore, the failure of organisations to take a long-term developmental view is exposed by a reluctance to set aside a specific budget for training and the belief that management development is the individuals responsibility.Many line managers get under pressure to meet operational targets, and lots struggle to fulfil their people management duties. This is partly because they are not equipped with the tools, skills and knowledge they need to be effective. As a result, managers sometimes effectively abdicate responsibility for aspects of people management. A commonly used phrase is thats HRs job often tends to be heard a lot in many companies whether relating to employee development, managing an individuals performance or dealing with absenteeism issues.Recent research involving to the highest degree 3,000 employers by the Work Foundation and the Institute for Employment Studies found that organisations with a comprehensive, structured approach to people management, covering areas such as recruitment, development plans and employee appraisals, perform better than those without, as indicated by higher profits per employee, higher profit margins and ultimately higher productivity.Sometimes its easy to be cr itical of managers, but often theyre not properly equipped to be effective. Investment in management training requires clearly set-down policies and procedures. There appears to be lack of clear guidance and good accessible information, its not surprising that many line managers response when an issue arises is either to pick up the phone to HR or to ignore the problem and hope it would goes away or transfer responsibility to someone else.It is interesting but to be fair to line managers, sometimes part of the problem may also lie with the HR department itself. For all the talk about wanting to devolve more responsibility to the line, in practice HR professionals are sometimes reluctant to trust line managers to manage. They are unwilling to give managers the tools and information they need to do the job effectively after all, knowledge is power, and by being the gatekeepers of all information relating to employees, policies and processes, HR may feel that it has power. This is cle arly not in the long-term interests of the HR function.HR teams must realise that if they are to fulfil their potential and be true partners to the business, then they need to trust their managers with the day-today stuff. This doesnt mean being unsupportive but continued support to line managers to assist them with responsibility for the way that people are managed. It does mean defining strategies and policies and then putting in place the frameworks and the systems that enable managers to take accountability for the day-to-day carrying into action but in a controlled, informed and effective way.Line managers must aim to be more accountable whereas HR professionals being more strategic could assist when working together. Better solutions are needed to support key people management processes and its likely that intelligent use of technology is likely to spiel at least part of the answer. Technology-based services offer organisations the potential to give much greater support to their line managers, but in a highly cost-effective way. Line managers can be given tools to walk them through common processes, access to comprehensive information about their employees, guidance on how to manage effectively, and prompts when tasks or actions are due all accessed via a single web-based service.In view of the above, making line managers responsible for the delivery of HR can be complex. Line managers may not possess the required skills needed to implement HR initiatives and may feel ill-equipped or insufficiently trained to make responsibility for day-to-day HR tasks. Devolving HR responsibilities may also represent a lack of appreciation of the workloads, time pressures and overall priorities of line managers threatening the overall standards of HR delivery across the organisation and diminishing the value of HR.It is found that getting line managers involved in HR tasks is a step towards achieving a more strategic, value-added approach to managing employees. Lin e managers play an important position in the organisational hierarchy and can directly affect the quality of front-line services. It will greatly increase the existing pressures of excess workload and the need to deliver on short-term priorities by devolving line managers with HR responsibilities. It will also mean the requirement of introduction of a higher level of HR competency by the line managers which calls for the need for high-quality training programmes for line managers to ensure that they feel confident in discharging their new HR responsibilities. Such training may help organisations avoid costly litigation and damage to their public reputation.Therefore, HR professionals must engage with line managers and develop a partnership to bring about a speedier resolution to workplace conflicts by allowing line managers to seek guidance and advice whenever required thereby making line managers more responsible for HR.

Transformation of Media Forms - The theory of Evolution from paper to the internet :: essays research papers fc

Transformation of Media FormsThe theory of growing from paper to the internet The theory of evolution must evolve with the transforming media forms around it to maintain its scientific and social relevance. In other words, it must shift from the conventional media forms such as journals, books and publications and move towards the ship canal of the internet. Even collective groups of scientists and evolutionists can be shifted from physical to online gatherings via the ways of the internet and its related technologies. The majority of internet users throughout the world see the net as simply an enormous link-up of the worlds computers, after all, this is the universal answer people tend to give when asked what is the internet?. Although this common answer is a fine accurate image, it would be more correct to describe the internet as a global network of hardw are and software which stores and transports information from a heart and soul provider to an end user . This infrastructu re allows any person who wishes to say anything, access to say it to the world.Controversial topics are abundant on the World broad(a) Web, and this media form enables these topics to be discussed, investigated, or challenged.Evolution is defined as being A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. Arguments for evolution include The Fossil Record, Darwins theory of Natural Selection, and Biological Evidence. Arguments against evolution include The Second police force of Thermodynamics, Things Never From Other Living Things, Complex Systems Never Evolve Bit by Bit, and then there are the Christian-derived theories such as Why are jellyfish fossils evidence against Evolution? .The internets foundations can be traced back to its beginnings in the US military. In 1957 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) launched Sputnik, the first-year artificial earth satellite. In response, the United States formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defence (DoD), to establish a U.S. lead in science and technology applicable to the military. The U.S. DoD was curious as to how it could maintain its command and run across over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclear attack. The plan was to split up a military research network that could survive a nuclear strike, and which was decentralized so that if any cities in the U.S. were attacked, the military could still have control of nuclear arms for a counter-attack. This was the first step in the development of the internet, as we know it today.

The Character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay examples -- Tempest ess

The Character of Caliban in The Tempest Caliban is the only authentic native of what is often called Prosperos Island. However, he is not an indigenous islander, his mother Sycorax was from Argier, and his novice Setebos seems to have been a Patagonian deity. Sycorax was exiled from Argier for witch-craft, much like Prospero himself, and Caliban was born on the island. Calibans own understanding of his position is made eloquently plain when we first meet him I must eat my dinner. This islands mine, by Sycorax my mother, Which thou takst from me. When thou camst first, Thou strokst me, and made much of me, wouldst give me Water with berries int, and teach me how To name the bigger washy, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee, And showed thee all the qualities othisle, The fresh springs, brine-pits, barren place and fertile. Cursed be I that did so All the charms Of Sycorax - toads, beetles, bats light on you For I am all the subjects that you have, Which first was mine own king and here you sty me In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me The relief othisland. (1.2.330-344) We can clearly sense Calibans resentment of what he sees as a colonial occupation of his island. The story of his upbringing is not so simple, however. It seems that when Prospero and his infant young lady arrived on the island twelve years before, Caliban was an orphan, his mother having died. This is not entirely clear in conversation with Ariel (formerly Sycoraxs spirit) Prospero recalls the blue eyed hag, The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy, Was grown into a hoop (1.2.258-259), but it is not clear wheth... ...pression to both sides of the question, and leaving much to the interpretation. Works Cited and Consulted Davidson, Frank. The Tempest An Interpretation. In The Tempest A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1 958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. A Reading of the Tempest. In Shakespeares Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens Ohio UP, 1974. 232. John Wilders lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.