rebeldol Rebellion of Nora and Mrs. Linde in Ibsens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Rebellion of Nora and Mrs. Linde in A Dolls House An underlying theme in Ibsens play, A Dolls House is the rebellion of Nora and Mrs. Linde against society. Over the course of the play, Nora and Mrs. Linde both experienced an evolution from passive victims in a life pre-programmed for them by society to restless movers in an uncertain and insecure life. In an effort to save her husbands life, Nora has committed forgery and Krogstad is ready to use this information in order achieve his goals (...) if I produce this document in court, youll be condemned (Ibsen 791). This element gives us a hint of women condition in a deeply- rooted man thought society. In addition, Dr. Rank, who had a lethal disease, confesses his love for her You know now that Im at your service, body and soul (Ibsen 802). All these events make the circle tighten and spin faster around Nora, who goat hardly resist to this pressure and seeks the relief in wildly dancing the tarantella, a dance which she transfo rms into a life and death one. This dance can also be viewed as an one of the key element that permits us to say that shes passing from a state of passive victim to an early state of active agent Nora dances more and more wildly. Helmer stands by the stove giving her repeated directions as she dances she does not seem to hear them. (Ibsen 808). All the other characters reactions, words and attitudes form the scope which unbearably surrounds Nora and which she will finally break, liberating herself from the lie she has been living in for many years-she firmly tells Helmer her decision I cant stay here with you any longer (...). Im loss here at once(Ibsen 821). In addition to this intimate inter-independence between Nora and the other four important characters viewed as a whole), is the complexity of Helmers wife as a dramatic personage. Compared to the others, Nora is the most round character, one who we see evolving, in contrast with Helmer or Dr. Rank. More precisely, we discover two forms of evolution of this character 1.an external one, produced in the readers mind, as he discovers the purpose of her always asking money to the husband and having a toy attitude with him

Impact of the Internet on Relationships and Community During Adolescence :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

From birth, humans seek connectedness. Regular social interaction is most as important as eating or sleeping, and is achieved through social activities and relationships with family and friends. Creating and maintaining these relationships is a process that occurs throughout an individuals lifetime. Yet, during adolescence these interpersonal relationships start to hold up a particularly important function. Interactions with family and peers are vital to adolescent identity establishment, and the crucial role of these relationships places additional stress on the bonds during this life stage. As Steinberg mentioned in a recent paper, Adolescence has long been characterized as a time when individuals begin to explore and examine psychological characteristics of the self in order to discover who they truly are, and how they fit in the social world in which they live(Steinberg, 2001). The idea that adolescence is a time of role experimentation and a stage of identity formation (Erik son, 1956) has existed for decades, dating back to Eriksons definition of the life stage Identity vs. Role Confusion. In this stage, as the adolescent begins to be conscious of how their identity is perceived by others, a heightened level of identity awareness develops. Although Eriksons idea of a life stage with perfect delineated boundaries is now fairly obsolete, the make do to define ones identity during adolescence is still very present and relevant. With the advent of the internet, the possibilities for defining the self have expanded dramatically. The youth sector latched onto this technology, development it to help ease and facilitate connections with others. Email and Instant messenging conquered people to communicate quickly in a non-confrontational fashion, and weblog communities encouraged individuals to share their thoughts, feelings, and opinions with others online. All of these methods of communication allow the individual to assume multiple identities. According t o (Lenhart, 2001) almost one quarter of teens admit to pretending to be someone else over Instant messenger or email. Thus, it is undeniable that this online medium is forum where the construction of role confusion and diffusion can occur freely. But, what impact does this have on the formation of a whiz identity that is congruent with the ego? An important part of the adolescent identity formation process is the recognition that others notice the outward expression of the self, and that this outward expression must agree with others in order to fit into a social group.

Cloning: Opening a Pandoras Box :: Genetic Engineering Essays

Cloning Opening a Pandoras BoxWhat bird is to biology can be likened to what nuclear bomb is to physics. And just like the latter, Dolly brings with it a host of controversies. Dolly redefined nature the same way Fat Man and Little son redefined warfare in 1945. The impact to the mankind civilisation is what makes both Dolly and nuclear physics so great, and controversial. It needs not take long for everyone to construe the Pandoras box that Dolly has pried open, even for someone who knows nothing about biology like myself.Suddenly, terms like clones, DNA, biotech, life sciences and genes amongst many other similar, once alien, terminologies seemed to be everywhere in books, magazines, newspapers and television programmes. Soon thereafter, there were protests, debates and even legislations passed to restrict scientists/biologists/geneticists in their researches. Just what are the reasons behind the worlds infatuation over a sheep?Dolly would not be conceived in nature-it is man-m ade, it is artificial and yet, it is real. Man had just promoted himself to be Dollys God. And being a mammal, Dolly opens up questions faster than anyone could possibly answer. The ability to throw genetically identical mammals, including humans, is the crux of the controversy revolving Dolly. Like nuclear physics, Dolly is a double-edged sword. We have heard often enough the pros and cons of genetic-engineering techniques that are modify over time. But really, what are all these talks about ethics, rights and law pass to amount to?The fact is that man is an inquisitive animal, an intelligent one at that. We have come to understand the change from day to night, we have sent man onto the moon, we have created enough nuclear bombs to blow up the very orbiter we live in 20 times over and we are inching towards unravelling and deciphering Gods instructions manual in the very near future. In my humble opinion, nothing is going to stop the force of mans curious mind, not laws and def initely not ethical considerations. Already, one Italian scientist, Dr. Severino Antinori, had openly claimed that he had successfully implanted a cloned human embryo into a human surrogate mother(1) .The implications of Dollys success are way beyond the medical realm. Commercially, Dolly sparked an explosion of new frontiers for those with an entrepreneurial mind. You want to little(a) down? We can take out your fatty genes. You want to have blond hair?

Essay --

Samah ElmeriInternational Marketing17 November, 2013Abercrombie & FitchIntroductionFor the purposes of this paper we lead be discussing the ostracize effects on Abercrombie & Fitch a U.S based clothing company. At first we will analyse the concept of boycotting international companies to substantiate the different choices boycotters make when targeting the guilty company. We will look at the history of the company its beginnings, evolution of concept, failures and successes. An beta part of this paper will be assessing the main eventors and reasons that led to the boycott. We are tone ending to be analysing the effects of the boycott keeping in mind that although the reasons behind the controversial boycott have taken place a couple of eld ago, only in 2013 has the boycott been initiated by several different parties involved. To be able to understand what triggered the boycott to begin we are going to try to understand how it all came about to begin with. There are several con cerned parties in the boycott and each have their own agenda and reasoning to boycott the company. To give a more thorough analysis of the initiators of this particular boycott their relation to one another will be discussed in the paper. Another important part of the boycott is the different types of effects that these boycotters have on the company. We will closely study the reasons, the effects, the affected parties, and the path for damage control and reconciliation elect by Abercrombie & Fitch as well as its results both the negative and the positive. Finally we will discuss the effectiveness of the boycott on the Abercrombies internationalization, marketplace strategy, competitiveness, and market activities.BoycottHistory of Abercrombie and F... ...escribes Jeffries business savvy skills saying If history is any indication, Jeffries wont let anyone girlcotting high school feminists, humourless Asians, outraged shareholders, thong-hating parents, lawsuit-happy minorities, n osy journalists, copycat competitors or uptight moralists get in his way. Another important issue that was addressed in the Business Report article is the fact that A&F only carries larger sizes in the mens clothing because athletes are expected to buy A&F clothes that in the womens clothing lines sizes are smaller and do not carry to larger sized females. He doesnt want larger great deal shopping in his store, he wants thin and beautiful people, Lewis said. He doesnt want his core customers to see people who arent as hot as them wearing his clothing. People who wear his clothing should feel like theyre one of the cool kids.

Preston Hot Zone :: essays research papers

     Prestons Hot Z atomic number 53Imagine walking into a tiny village in Africa, scurvy and dying from some unknown virus. As you approach the huts you hear the wails of pure agony from the afflicted tribe members. Coming closer, you smell the stench of vomit assorted with the bitter smell of warm blood. People inside lay dying in pools of their own vital fluids, coughing and vomiting up their own liquefied internal organs their faces emotionless masks loosely hanging from their skulls, the connective tissue and collagen in their bodies turned to mush. Their skin bubbled up into a sea of tiny blank blisters and spontaneous rips occurring at the slightest touch, pouring blood that refuses to coagulate. Hemmorging and massive clotting underneath the skin causing black and blue bruises all over the body. Their mouths bleeding more or less their teeth from hemorrhaging saliva glands and the sloughing off of their own tongues, throat veneer, and wind pipe, cryi ng tears of pure blood from hemorrhaging tear ducts and the disintegration of the eyeball lining and bleeding from every opening on the body. You see the blood spattered room and pools of black vomit, expelled during the epileptic convulsions that accompany the last stages of death. Their centerfields have bled into themselves, heart muscles softened and hemorrhaging , the brain clogged with dead blood cells (sludging of the brain), the liver bulging and yellow with deep cracks and the spleen a single hard blood clot. Babies with fucking(a) noses born with red eyes lay dead from spontaneous abortions of affected mothers. It is the human slate-wiper, the invisible ultimate death, the filovirus named Ebola.     The theme of Richard Prestons Hot Zone seems deal with mans one predator, the invisible one, the one thing that man cannot seek out and conquer, the one that lurks unseen and undetected in the shadows waiting for a warm body to realise its new-made breed ing ground in, with total disregard for person, social class, or status. We are "meat", as the biologists at the USAMRIID Institute stated, no names, no faces, no "individuality", the virus rips through our bodies with no thought, mechanical reproducers who sabotage our cells and used them as incubators until their "offspring" replicate to the point the cell wall bursts, releasing hundreds of new virus particles. Literally thousands of these "killers", as humans see them can be held on the point of an ink pen.

Preston Hot Zone :: essays research papers

     Prestons piquant ZoneImagine walking into a tiny village in Africa, suffering and dying from some unknown virus. As you approach the huts you hear the wails of pure agony from the afflicted tribe members. Coming closer, you sapidity the stench of vomit mixed with the bitter smell of warm blood. People inside lay dying in pools of their own vital fluids, coughing and regorge up their own liquefied internal organs their faces emotionless masks loosely hanging from their skulls, the connective tissue and collagen in their bodies turned to mush. Their skin bubbled up into a sea of tiny white blisters and spontaneous rips occurring at the slightest touch, pouring blood that refuses to coagulate. Hemmorging and massive clotting underneath the skin causing black and blue bruises every over the body. Their mouths bleeding around their teeth from hemorrhaging saliva glands and the sloughing off of their own tongues, throat lining, and wind pipe, crying draws of pure blood from hemorrhaging tear ducts and the disintegration of the eyeball lining and bleeding from every opening on the body. You see the blood spattered room and pools of black vomit, expelled during the epileptic convulsions that accompany the pass stages of death. Their hearts have bled into themselves, heart muscles softened and hemorrhaging , the brain clogged with dead blood jail cells (sludging of the brain), the liver bulging and yellow with deep cracks and the spleen a case-by-case hard blood clot. Babies with bloody noses born with red eyes lay dead from spontaneous abortions of affected mothers. It is the human slate-wiper, the invisible ultimate death, the filovirus named Ebola.     The theme of Richard Prestons Hot Zone seems deal with mans one predator, the invisible one, the one thing that man cannot seek out and conquer, the one that lurks unseen and undetected in the shadows waiting for a warm body to make its new breeding ground in, with total disregard for person, social class, or status. We are "meat", as the biologists at the USAMRIID initiate stated, no names, no faces, no "individuality", the virus rips through our bodies with no thought, mechanical reproducers who sabotage our cells and used them as incubators until their "offspring" replicate to the point the cell wall bursts, releasing hundreds of new virus particles. Literally thousands of these "killers", as humans see them can be held on the point of an ink pen.

Dominos Case Analysis

Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose dominoes was found in 1960 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. half masks pizza pie Inc. is the food market attractor in the United States pizza sparing and stand by largest pizza ships company in the creative activity based on human activity of units. The company offers a wide variety of pizza products as nearly as pasta, bread sticks, boneless sniveller and wings, desserts and soft drinks. As of the beginning of this year, 2012, half masks had 394 company- avouched stores and 4,513 franchised eye masks units in the U. S. and 4,835 franchised stores internationally. eye masks system is to use its superior sum-chain to provide its franchises with lost represent inputs so the franchises may revolve about on gross sales and service. Through the online world, half masks customers began to sh be their dissatisfaction with Dominos products, such as pizza lacked taste and quality and poor quality bringing pizzas. Over th e past 3-5 long time Dominos has make an effort to improve the palatability of their affection products, and in 2009 introduced a sassy and redesigned crust recipe, idle ingredients, a refreshful sauce, and real shredded cheese.This effort, along the successive marketing campaigns has increased punctuate loyalty and customer preferences which has had a profound effect on increases in r all the sameue and number of franchise openings. I believe that this outline that is currently implemented is working, but for Dominos to remain an intentness attracter and prolong the current trend of success, Dominos require to focus on the demographic and technological changes in the market. Focusing on the changes and reevaluating their current strategy go a expressive style help Dominos remain a leader within the patience. Situational AnalysisGeneral Environment Analysis Demographic -Pizza remains a very best-selling(predicate) product lik satisfactory to a wide demographic of Ameri washbasins that consider eating houses an essential part of their lifestyle. -According to Rasmussen Reports 40% of Ameri quarter eat pizza at least one time per month w/adults ranging 30-49 yrs. of age 21% of young adults (18-24) purchase pizza to a greater extent(prenominal) than three times a week. Pizza is an integral part of Ameri green goddess culture and shows no sign of exciting the market. Economic Dominos is not immune to market trends its revenues are directly affected by how the economy is doing.As the labor force progresses closer to full employment, consumer spending depart increase and real GDP go out be elevateed. As a result, Dominos Pizza will benefit from the increase of consumer spending as more consumers will likely spend more money at quick-service restaurants than dinging at home. To harbour consumers quick-service restaurants should not worry as much about pricing but about expanding their menus. Political/Legal The political and legal conditions th at could affect the vocation of Dominos Pizza are the policies of the local and national government towards business.If the government is more open to the establishment of numerous restaurants, then more restaurants will be established. Laws in favor of employees will be a factor for Dominos. In each state/country they operate in they will have to provide proper employee training, as well as the minimum wage that are in compliance with state and federal regulations. Wages change magnitude can have a negative impact on revenues. Sociocultural Households are more likely to have a double income these days, resulting in families acquittance out to eat more often. No time to cook at home) Media is outgrowth at a ready pace means that Dominos need to be part of this trend and keep up with the technological changes when comes to their online and app. options. Providing healthier options can be a potential competitive advantage for Dominos. More people are concerned with their health and are becoming more aware of nutritional facts. Organic and gluten free products are gaining popularity. Technological The fast changes in technology nowadays have far-reaching do.The factors that have a huge impact are research and development, internet and e-commerce, and new technologies. The research and development has effects on Dominos Pizza because through R&D new products are developed for the business, the internet and e-commerce also contributes to the technological factors because through them customers can give feedback regarding the products. Technology will assist in developing the firms strategies and strategic competiveness. Global More and more industrialized countries are emerging.Current and potential political events can affect the potential growth of Dominos. Physical Creating and using products that are bio-gradable and promoting recycling can save Dominos money, and differentiate themselves from their rivals. Industry outline The restaurant industry was projected to have $604 Billion sales in 2011, which is approximately 4 part of the projected total GDP of the United States concord to the estimate from National Restaurant Association. The industry has been expanding since the 1960s, mainly due to the boom of quick service restaurants such as YumBrands Inc. and McDonalds. The long term expansion of the restaurant industry is expected to continue as the major players in this industry are focusing on providing healthier and less expensive food for both Americans and customers abroad. The restaurant industry provides two categories of services fast food and full-service restaurant. The fast food restaurants mainly serve products including sandwiches, and pizza. Those restaurants attract customers by offering convenient, inexpensive and appealing foods.Fast food restaurants will still perform comparatively well during financial downturn (see graphs below) because customers will switch from full-service restaurant to the cheaper f ast food restaurants. Threat of new entrants ? Economies of Scale The saturation of the pizza industry is a huge limiter of how much an advantage can be attained by economies of scale.? Product note Differentiation is a necessary expense in the pizza industry but it is not difficult to overcome so we can say it is not a strong barrier to market entry.?Capital requirements will dominate the formation of new, national competitors, but is not a significant barrier to secluded startups.? Cost Disadvantages The extreme saturation and similarity in product offering make convenient locations essential for quick service restaurants large and small. This is a significant barrier to entry.? Distribution Channels Speedy and reliable channels are essential among all firms in the industry, they are not necessarily difficult for new comers to attain. Due to the lack of any of the barriers to entry being so significant, we feel the threat of new entrants is high. Power of suppliers The bargai ning power of suppliers shapes the restaurant industry by determining the food commodity costs. Restaurant operators usually negotiate on their purchases through future contracts however instability in food goods costs can constrain the power to monetary value their products. Suppliers for Dominos pizza have low bargaining power, due to the high volume of products and the low differentiation level. at that place are also many substitutes for any particular input. Power of buyers Price is a key factor for customers in choosing restaurants.Consumers compare the values of food and what they fall in for the food. Dominos Pizza customers bargaining power and switching costs are low since a costumer can limit a second option easily (frozen pizza or other pizza restaurants and chains). Differentiation levels are created by the consumers and include style of pizza, atmosphere, and location. Threat of product substitutes One agreement for high competition in the restaurant industry is similar menus among the companies in the restaurant industry. Few restaurants have successfully differentiated menus from others.The threat this poses on the industrys earningsability depend on the price-to-performance ratio, it is also affected by switching costs. Since there are so many firms offer the homogeneous canonic need the consumer is looking for it results in low switching costs and a high threat of substitution. Intensity of rivalry among competitors The rivalry in the restaurant industry is high and gives firms more incentive to differentiate themselves form its competitors and meet customers needs. Firms in this industry are competing for the same market share.Since the customer base is not growing as fast the industry, the growth is slow. Competitor analysis With Dominos Pizza competing in the domestic and global market, its main competitors globally are YUM Brands, McDonalds, and Wendys. many a(prenominal) of these fast service chain restaurants are expanding i nternationally at a rapid rate. Each competitor offers wide array of products to its consumers, so Dominos has had to make many menu changes to help keep their loyal customers satisfied. Dominos main U. S. competitors in the pizza livery service market are Pizza shanty, Papa keisters, and Little Caesars.Dominos is in an industry where it must(prenominal) use its valued brand name as a way of competing with its competitors around the globe. Locally, Dominos uses its trademark Dominos Pizza You Got 30 Minutes20 to remind consumers that they are the number one pizza delivery company in the U. S. and use this as a competitive edge against its aggressive competitors. Pizza Hut The number one competitor for Dominos is Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut operates under Yum Brands, which also includes four other restaurant chains. Pizza Hut is only two years older than Dominos and has over 13,000 store locations in 95 different countries.The main focus of Pizza Hut is letting their customers customize their pizzas each location is designed to ignore to local tastes and culture. They serve a variety of products ranging from specialty pizzas to pasta, sandwiches and chicken wings. In 2010 the brand reported a 4. 7 percent increase in revenues and sales for Pizza Hut increased by 8. 8 percent in the US. Though Dominos remains the leader in the US delivery segment, Pizza Hut maintains the top spot in the US pizza segment with a 13. 78 market share as of late 2009.Pizza Huts goal is moving forward, they want to be known not as a pizza restaurant, but as a pizza, pasta, and wings brand. To dispatch their transformation Pizza Hut is working to make its menu items more competitively priced and improve their service times as well as focus on great customer service. Lastly, to help gain market share throughout the world, Pizza Hut is focusing its expansion invents on China, one of the worlds rapidly growing marketplaces. Papa tails Papa Johns is considered the worlds third ranked pizz a delivery and carryout restaurant behind Pizza Hut and Dominos.Currently it owns and franchises 3,646 restaurants in which 612 are company owned and 3,034 franchised in all of US and 32 countries worldwide. Papa Johns was founded on the premise that if you make the best pizza and price it competitively, you can sell it. Some of their major products include pizza, bread/cheese sticks, chicken stripteasers, winds, dessert, and beverages. Papa Johns operates through six segments domestic restaurants, domestic franchising, international operations, variable interest entities, and all other business units.In 1999 Papa Johns took over the number three spot in the US market from Little Caesars. But in the early 2000s, Papa Johns hit the breakwater and put a break on its expansions plans. The economic recession caused a dip in revenues for year-end 2009, and 2010. In effort to re-energize its brand during this period, Papa invested heavily in advertising, becoming the official sponsor f or the NFL and the next three super bowls. In addition, Papa Johns launched a highly successfully onward motion for consumers, these efforts helped Papa Johns maintain its market share.Little Caesars Family-owned Little Caesars Enterprises, Inc a subsidiary of Illitich Holdings owns and franchises over 2,600 units in the US and 11 other countries. As of 2010, it owned 4 percent of the US pizza locations and was a major competitor of Dominos despite its lack of delivery service. Its considered by Technomic Inc to be the fastest growing pizza restaurant chain in the US. Approximately 80 percent of Little Caesars locations are franchises with many stores located in strip malls or other popular shopping areas.Little Caesars offers pizzas, crazy bread and sauce, cheese bread, Caesar dips and churros as well as it offers party catering service. Littler Caesars has been following the same marketing campaign since the 70s and is known for its two-for-one Pizza Pizza Little Caesars has top ped a host of Best Pizza Value in America lists for years and years in a row and, despite or so setbacks in the 90s as Papa Johns climbed the ladder, continues to offer some hard- to- beat competition. cozy analysis Tangible resourcesDominos low cost deliver-oriented store design is a tangible resource. Dominos franchises approximately 90 percent of their 5,155 stores in the US. The stores are decided small with a focus on delivery, which allows them to cut the cost of having the typical large pizzeria type restaurant. Dominos also uses their company owned stores as testing facilities for new products and technologies, this allows them to cut cost on having to rent out additional stores. Dominos has its own supply chain for domestic and internationally franchised stores.This operation consists 17 domestic facilities/6 international facilities that distribute food, equipment and supplies to the franchised stores nation and worldwide. Having their own supply chain gives Dominos an a dvantage, it means automatic delivery of ingredients to stores which eliminates wait time and adds freshness, allowing the store team to focus on its sales and customer service. The vertically interconnected supply chain allows Dominos to leverage the purchasing power of thousands of privately owned and franchised stores nationwide to help food costs low.Dominos new smart-phone pizza tracker application that is also available on their website, shows customers where the pizza is in the process, and how long it will take for the pizza to be ready and/or delivered. This allows customers be more involved in the process and allows instant communication between the two. In result this will help decrease the number of employees that Dominos needs to hire, which will increase revenues as well as focus more on the food making process. Intangible resources Dominos has multiple intangible asset resources.Firstly, Dominos focuses as a company on two upshot strengths high quality pizzas at a competitive price and a fast delivery time, both that are intangible. Secondly, Dominos strong brand image results in many loyal customers even with the new introductions made to the menu. Lastly, Dominos has a worldwide presence and have pioneered the pizza delivery industry giving them a strong reputation. Capabilities Dominos has v capabilities that were discussed in the analysis. The first is their vertically integrated supply chain. Dominos is able to drive sales up and costs down.Secondly, Dominos focuses on adapting each location to its surrounding environment, such as changing menu options in other countries to adapt to the taste preferences of the population. Thirdly, the new smart phone application, which allows customers cabaret as they go and have more of a connection during the process. Having a strong brand image is another capability of Dominos, its what allows them to be a direct competitor in the restaurant industry. Lastly, Dominos is very cost effective, they pr e-cut and pre-package all the ingredients, which allow them to be competitive in the market, and in the price they charge their customers.Core competencies The last four decades Dominos has proven to be a top leader in the pizza industry, and has created several core competencies. Strong brand presence is what created brand loyalty with their customers and lead them to be one of the major competitors in the industry. Their focus on fast delivery is the foundation of their daily profit margins. Expanding internationally and incorporating online services as well as smart device application is another factor for them staying competitive. Also, Dominos has a cost leading business model which allows them to sell their products at a competitive rice. Sustainable competitive advantage Dominos has expanded their opportunities for more profit by opening over 3,000 locations internationally. They have built a strong brand image by incorporating online technology they were able to stay compet itive and ahead of some of their competitors. They have sustained their competitive advantage with the incorporation of Internet services as well as their strong brand image, as well as their expansion to over 70 countries. Since 2009, Dominos stock has grown a remarkable 233 percent by 2011.SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses -Delivery leader in the industry. -Has a strong and diversified franchising network around the world-Massive growth in its expansion across the globe Dominos international network grew 48% from 2,987 stores to 4,442 stores-Strong brand equity. know as the Mega Brand as defined by advertising brand magazine. Its positive brand image leads to dependable and trustworthy customers -Technology savvy Online menus, as well as a Dominos application for the iPhone and iPod.Helps customers order quickly and choose to have food delivered pizza tracker allows the customer to the progress of their food being delivered. -Compared to competitors it lacks menu options -Weak i nternational presence as compared to peers-Lacks significant amount of profit it earns outs the US compared to its competitors-Weakening bottom line Opportunities Threats -Expand its product outside of its stores and into the frozen food market can be quite profitable and beneficial (good for top line growth)-Introduce new healthier options organic toppings, gluten free, etc. Entry into expanding markets will like boost revenue growth-Sales growth from online orders and smartphone application -Faces high competition among other pizza companies domestically and globally. Constantly dealing with new product innovation techniques and pricing nip among the pizza delivery industry. -Strict govt. regulations poses threat to companys development plans-Social media can result in a threat due to more people share their experiences-bad experiences can influence a prospect client to go elsewhere -Consumers growing more heath conscious Strategy FormationDominos prides itself on its unity and logistical operations that keep overhead costs down and provide less expensive pizza. Due to the current demographic changes and methods of communication changing, Dominoes must make changes to it s current cost leaderships strategy in order to gain more market share and stay a top competitor in the industry. Strategic alternatives A strategic alternative for Dominos to pursue would be a differentiation strategy. Dominos could gain more customers from segments of the market that had not considered Dominos as an adequate meal choice.If Dominos chooses to focus on even a lower cost leadership strategy it would help them maintain its current customer base and possible gain more bargain shopper customers by exploiting its already known capabilities and core competencies, resulting in even more market share form this market segment. Pursuing an integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy, Dominos will still be able to maintain its competitive pricing while creating new produ cts that will attract new segments of the market. pick evaluation The first strategy that Dominos could pursue is the differentiation strategy.Pursing this strategy would mean that Dominos would need to look for new suppliers to obtain higher quality ingredients. The finance tolerate in the value chain would have to examine to see where capital could be found and allocated to make this strategy work. For Dominos to change to the differentiation strategy, they would need to gain new tangible and intangible resources to achieve this strategy as well as to create new capabilities that would lead to new core competencies, resulting in a competitive advantage in the market. Secondly, Dominos could purse a even lower cost leadership strategy.To pursue an even lower cost leadership strategy, Dominos would have to cut mores cost in areas such as food quality and choice of supplier. This could lead to fewer costs for them but may result going back to their tastes like cardboard negative im age. Due to the taste aspect of their product, it would be safest for Dominos to look to make cuts else where such as marketing and advertising in order to keep their even lower cost leadership strategy. Lastly, Dominos could pursue the integrated cost leadership and differentiated strategy.This strategy would be the strongest strategy for Dominos, it could allow them to be the first actor in the industry to use healthier, organic ingredients which would attract a new segment of the market as well as those who might have decided to go else where. Alternative choice I would choose the integrated cost leadership and differentiated strategy from the three options I listed above. I believe that this strategy allows Dominos to use its current core competencies and helps develop new capabilities that could lead to even stronger core competencies and a higher competitive advantage in the industry.Strategic Alternative Implementation Action items In order for Dominos to implement an integr ated cost leadership and differentiation strategy and gain a competitive advantage in the industry it will need suppliers that will sell quality ingredients at a reasonable cost, a new structure that is support by the company, and lastly having the current leader initiate and encourage these changes, or put a new leader that will help implement these changes.Actions plan In order for Dominos to take on an integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy, they should use their existing connections with suppliers that will help them find new suppliers who can deliver organic, high quality ingredients at a reasonable price. This will assist with Dominos becoming the first mover in the industry towards healthier, high quality pizzas.Though this may lead to an increase of price, I believe that because of the current organic foods sector recent growth sprit in our society, there wont be much of a negative reaction to the price. The current hybrid functional/multidivisional structur e may be able to hand the strategy change, but modifications to the value chain would need to take place. Less focus on cutting costs, more of a focus on differentiating the product.Last of all, the current leader or a new leader would need to me a transformational leader, that would implement and encourage the strategy switch from cost leadership to integrated cost leadership and differentiation. Pursuing this new strategy would lead to numerous opportunities, and benefits for Dominos now and the future. It would allow Dominos become a first mover in the industry, and create a new market for other fast food restaurants.

Teacher & knowledge

Since the beginning of our lives, we start to learn and improve our skills and knowledge day by day from everything around us. However, to overturn our goal in the future, we need instructors who can guide us through our lives. And those instructors are teachers. Actually, teaching is a very good job and is very most-valuable for everybody and also for our country. Teachers are very precious. First, teachers always teach what is good for us and show us the right path to walk. They are wise and respectable.They have such(prenominal) a good manner. They always stay by our side. For instance, when we get good result from our studies, they will be happy and proud of us just homogeneous what they whole tone for their own children. When we get bad result, they feel upset, but instead of blaming us, they try to encourage and cheer us up. All they want back from us is nothing, but for us to be successful in the future. Second, teachers dont think much about money. They dont earn much mo ney but they earn good alliance and respect from the others.Thats the most important part of being a human and also the most special part of this job. With us, as students, they are just like our parents because they care about us and want us to be good and useful people in the society. But sometimes they may also be our brothers, sisters or even friends. Its just like we are members of one big family. We share our happiness and sadness with them and help each other out. Although sometimes they feel exhausted, they dont even mention about their difficulties to us.They always work with happy hearts. Third, teachers are the source of the countrys development. In other words, we can say that without teachers, therere no schools. Without schools, therere no students. Without students, theres no human resource, so development is impossible. As we all know, teachers play an important role in our education system. They are very important for us and our spick-and-span generation. One thin g we should know is that the world we know today may not exist without them.

Key Issues in W.E.B. DuBois’ The Souls of Black Folk

The Souls of dusky Folk, by W.E.B. DuBois, is a compilation of essays written by DuBois and first published in 1903. In these essays, DuBois covers many of the problems that he sees in the lives of African American people. These multitude of problems can be summed up into one issue, the problem of the color-line (DuBois 1994, 9).DuBois sees this color-line as the root of difficulties for his race reaching back to the days of the courteous War, but he claims to really see it let hold in the era that he published his book, the early twentieth century (DuBois 1994, 9). Through his order of essays, DuBois allows the reader to see multiple events pertaining to the lives of African Americans through his eyes, and paints the history of black struggles in ways that might not have been clear to someone who had not been so close to them.DuBois chose to begin each of his essays with a sorrow song, a line or two of music that welled up from black souls in the sin past (DuBois 1994, 1). Thes e bits of song give the tone for each of the essays. DuBois speaks of being a problem to the white world around him, but he sees major issues in his time that keep people thinking of him as a problem (DuBois 1994, 2). These issues are those of work, culture, and liberty, (DuBois 1994, 6), things that DuBois does not see coming easily to his people.At the time, they lacked the right to vote, many lacked nice schooling, and the emancipation granted in the Civil War era had not led to anything resembling true freedom (DuBois 1994, 6). An example of this lack of freedom is illustrated in the chapter, Of The Black Belt. This particular essay gives the reader the view from a traveling buggy in early twentieth century Georgia (DuBois 1994, 53). Due to recession afterward the war, most of the attain has been abandoned by the previously wealthy owners, and is being rented to the African Americans who are willing to work on it (DuBois 1994, 53).These African Americans live in broken down plantations houses, barely fit for inhabitation, but still must pay exorbitant rents to the people who previously lived there (DuBois 1994, 53). On top of the away of control rents, no amount of money that the African Americans pay ensures them of ever owning any home or land (DuBois 1994, 60). The work they had done on the land over the years quite often ended up sold to a white person, not matter how much the African American had paying(a) on it (DuBois 1994, 61).Most of them are destitute, for all the money they make from growing crops goes into the hands of their landlords (DuBois 1994, 57). For a few older people, these landlords are their former owners. DuBois does not see this as freedom in any way. In fact, in the chapter Of the Quest for the Golden Fleece he is critical of the Emancipation due to the fact that it turned come to the fore so many slaves on their own, slaves who had not thought past being freed, and eventually caused them to come back to their former owners in order to have solid food and a place to live (DuBois 1994, 66).Another issue that DuBois finds relevant to the problem of the color line is the general lack of higher educational options, or culture, for the African American. In Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others DuBois gives the credit for a lot of this problem to Booker T. Washington and his plan of blackes (surviving) through submission (DuBois 1994, 27). Washingtons plan was threefold. In it, African Americans should give up, at least for the present political power, insistence on civilised rights, and higher education of Negro youth (DuBois 1994, 27).Washington believed that these things could be terminated later, but compromise would further the Negro cause at the time. DuBois was very much opposed to this system, stating that it caused, the disfranchisement, the legal creation of a distinct status of civil inferiority, and the steady withdrawal of aid from institutions of higher training for the Negro (DuBois 1994, 27). He questioned any plan that would continue holding back his race, saying that Washington was clogging by bringing up the old attitude of adjustment and submission (DuBois 1994, 26).Another problem point for DuBois was the lack of liberty that his people had. For example, in the chapter On The feeler of John, DuBois tells the tale of a young African American man who strived to get past the veiland make something of himself. At first he was a wretched student, but he refocused after being kicked out of school and came back with a real desire to learn. This learning, however, made him aware of the many things that he was excluded from.He notice now the oppression that had not seemed oppression before, was angry when people did not call him mister, and was offended at having to ride in the Jim Crow cars (DuBois 1994, 95). The story continues on with the young man facing racism at every turn. The essay ends with the young man having exerted liberty by saving a young Negro woman from an amorous white man, whom he kills, but the liberty of action came at a price. As we leave the tale, the young man is sitting sedately at the site of the crime, waiting for the lynch mob he hears from far away to come get him (DuBois 1994, 102). The message that the tale conveys is that the lack of liberty to riposte part in the white world in bound to lead to disenchantment and anger for those held behind the veil (DuBois, 1994, 95).DuBois tackles the topic of African American morality in the chapter, Of the Faith of the Fathers. He explains the roots of Negro religions on the plantations. They were more the likely to be pagan and voodoo like, because that is what most of them were taught in their native lands (DuBois 1994, 84). It took the impressions of missionaries and plantation owners to give the religion a veneer of Christianity, and it took several generations for the Negroes to come to a following of authentic Christianity (DuBois 1994, 84).However, DuBois has a pr oblem with how Christianity came to be presented to the slave population. Whereas the voodoo subject religions had deepened and strengthened the slaves, Christianity was manipulated by the plantation owners to weaken them (DuBois 1994, 84-85). In DuBois opinion, the Negro had been so run down that he was losing the joy of this world and (eagerly) seizing upon the offered conceptions of the next (DuBois 1994, 85). The Negroes became fatalistic, and with that fatalism came the traits of shiftlessness and hopelessness (DuBois 1994, 85).When they became free, many turned their religion into an idea of revenge (DuBois, 1994, 85). The Coming of the Lord was looked for, and people pledged to die before going back to slavery (DuBois 1994, 86). at that place was also an idea that the slave owners would get their punishment when the Lord came, so the event was highly anticipated. At the time DuBois was writing, religion had split into two sectors for the Negro. Yankee blacks held a vengef ul ideal, and Southern blacks fell into hypocritical compromise (DuBois 1994, 87). Neither were ideal, and DuBois closed with the hope that there would be an awakening and the real Negro feel would come out of the Valley of the Shadow of Death, and create a new world where the things he desired for his people would not be for White hoi polloi Only (Dubois 1994, 88).There is much more that could be said about DuBois essays, but the main thing that this writer believes that he would want a person to take from his work is the idea that one group of people cannot be subjugated forever. Although some may not want to work for freedom, there are constantly a few that will want to learn and make a better person out of themselves. Instead of a taste of liberty angering them because they cannot do anything with it, the taste should bring them joy as they are accepted into the new world they have so longed for. DuBois never got to see a world like that, but perhaps one day his descendants, and ours, will.Reference ListDuBois, W.E.B. 1994. The souls of black folk. New York Dover Publications.

Colonies and Colonizers costums Essay

Although Alexie was a creative writer, his essay uses metaphors in the context of straight forward statements. Only his reference of a fence fanny be treated so far as a rhetorical statement. This shows how he might still be saying that although he is inform his fellow worker people, they are still not open to real education, as he expresses in close to of his statements where instead of learning to read and write, some of his students still ought to cling at the back and be indifferent to education as what was their parents custom.In fact in the essays last paragraph, Alexie expresses his frustration and in some ways, insult to his fellow people. Among colonized nations there is this one behavior that is very evident among them, refusal to learn the practices of their colonizers especially their education (or in other words colonizers teaching the colonies how to be them). Indians had been long standing in the colonies that have refused to learn the ways of the non-Indians. All in all, Sherman Alexies essay speaks of frustration and yet hopesfrustration in the fact that his people are not open to education.That the non-Indians dont always offer their own customs exclusively an opportunity to be accomplish in ones life. Alexies usage of a Superman not only offers a quick way of learning how to read but a comic relief to the essay. Alexie was arrogant, he was smart, he was able to save his life and now he is trying to save the life and the culture of his people. whole kit CitedAlexie, Sherman. Superman and me. The Joy of Reading and Writing Superman and Me (1997) McAdam, D. J. American Indian Culture and American Society. D. J. McAdam Where the world goes for free advice. http//www. djmcadam. com/ojibwe. html

Research Paper on Tax Incentives in Singapore

1. INTRODUCTION 1. Tax Incentives for Investments in capital of capital of capital of Singapore Tax inducements have been an integral incite of Singapores economic development strategy since the 1960s. For more than than 30 years, tax income incentives have been used to attract couchments and create jobs. Now we ar the focal point for extraneous enthronements, reoceanrch and development and functions in Asia. Over the years the government has introduced a wide range of tax incentives for a balanced economic harvest-time of the variant production line celestial spheres.This paper analyses how these incentives play a sidetrack in attracting foreign capital inflows to enhance the pecuniary and industrial sectors in Singapore and their enduringness in achieving our goals. 2. Purpose The purpose of this look for is to gain an netherstanding of the tax incentives scene in Singapore, how it works and it effectiveness in achieving our aim of being a vivacious and robust globa l hub of knowledge-driven rescue. 3. Our Research Questions for this StudyAs part of our research, the following headers were asked to direct us on our sight What are the tax incentives addressable under the ITA, EEIA and DTA to attract foreign capital inflows? How effective are these tax incentives? 4. Methodology We derived our information from books, online journals and other internet resources. 2. BACKGROUND 1. The Birth of the Income Tax Act, EEIA and DTA From a small fishing island to a cosmopolitan country within a span of 44 years is what Singapore has become today, with per capita GDP equal to that of the take nations of Western Europe (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008)1.As a small island with limited, or rather, no resources to depend on, we have simply taken the world by move through the phenomenal economic growth that has taken place in a short period of time (Fordham, 1992)2. Our only resources are fish and deepwater sea and despite all the limitations that w e were faced with, we have secured a place in the world map as the leading fiscal, educational, service, manu concomitanturing and research and development hub. Then, what is the clandestine of our achievements? is the question that arises in all our minds.After being separated from Malaya, the governments ambitious plans for the country to be industrially developed seemed too far-fetched especially with no natural resources to call its own (Fordham, 1992). It did not, however, relent to the fact that achieving its goals is uncertain now with its given economic state. Its leaders knew at that time Singapore needs to uphold investment in new industries so that its goals nookie be achieved. Being under developed and with no achievements or resources to call its own, it was a palpable fact that Singapore had to make radical changes to attract foreign investors,.This is when tax incentives were spotted as a viable option to magnetize foreign capital inflows. The be Income Tax Act (1 948) was evaluated to see how tax incentives could be integrated to accomplish these aspirations. Along with this, in 1967, the Economic Expansion Incentives Act (EEIA) was set-back introduced to solidify the enlargement and development programs that were being carried out by the Economic Development Board (Fordham, 1992). In early 1960s, Singapore recognised the need for a dynamic manufacturing sector and export policies to draw MNCs so that we could be used as a production meanspirited to export goods general.As a result of these aims, EEIA was introduced to grant tax benefits to manufacturing companies setting up production in pioneer areas in Singapore (Fordham, 1992). The development of international trade and multi national corporations has increase the issue of double taxation. As a come with or individual looking beyond your own country for blood opportunities and investments they would naturally be concerned with the problem of double taxation. thus they would seek to structure your operations at a minimum tax cost. This is where DTAs or tax treaties come into play 2.Incentives Available under ITA to Attract contrary Capital Inflows Singapore has al authoritys been maintaining a competitive tax rate by being the lowest among the developed countries. Its purpose is to create an encouraging business environment for economic expansion (Tan, 1996). According to GuideMeSingapore, 2008, a web portal providing one-stop information on Singapores business environment to entrepreneurs, commented that Singapore is ofttimes cited as the leading example of countries that continues to reduce corporate income tax rates and introduce various tax incentives to attract and keep global investments.This is obvious in the frequent lowering of corporate tax rates since 1987. In 1989 the corporate income tax was reduced to 33 percent from 40 percent to follow the worldwide trend of lowering corporate taxes. The corporate tax rate was further lowered in 1990 to 31 p ercent to set ahead multi-national companies (MNCs) to locate their exchequer and financial operations here (Tan, 1996). From thusly on, corporate tax rate has been gradually decreasing.In 2004 corporate tax rate was reduced to 20 percent and with the unthaw of the 2009 budget speech, corporate taxes will be cut to 17 percent in 2010. The aim of these reductions is to help businesses to curb operational costs so that Singapore can gain a competitive edge in continuing to attract mellowed-tech and high value-added investments (Liu, 2007). From our research we found that there are several(prenominal) tax incentives in place to pull foreign investments to Singapore (IRAS, 2008) and we will be focusing on those that are relevant to our study. 1.DEDUCTION FOR EXPENSES ON research AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (R) This incentive was introduced in 2003 to allow company to deduct a second round of fling expenses from its income in addition to the automatic first deduction allowed under sect ion 14D. Further amendments3 were made in 2008 to entitle companies for an automatic 50 percent tax allowance (PWC, 2008). This R allowance can be used to offset against the companys chargeable income for the next 3 years (i. e. 2009 to 2013) to motivate companies to carry out more R projects.This is conjugated with meeting our aim to be a research and development hub in the global arena (MOF, 2008). After the introduction of the tax incentive, totality R expense increased from $3. 4 jillion to $4. 6 billion in 2005 (Lai, 2007)4. Majority of the R spending was contributed by the private sector, whose gross expenditure on R (GERD) increased by 1. 2 percent. By the end of 2005, GERD was at 2. 4 percent of GDP. Singapore had surpassed the EU-15s5 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) averages of 1. percent and 2. 3 percent respectively (Lai, 2007). The increase in figures shows the effectiveness of the tax incentive program. According to the report, this figure is still lower compared to U. S (2. 7 percent) and Japan (3. 0 percent). Considering the fact that these countries are bigger in land and population size, our achievement is still commendable. 2. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR APPROVED HEADQUARTERS PROGRAM The purpose home plate Program was to encourage multinationals to base their main back offices in Singapore.This was to be achieved through reduced tax rate which is applied primarily to large-scale multinational corporations that relocate the management and furnish functions of their subsidiaries and affiliates from other countries to Singapore. Section 43E of Income Tax Act provides that companies with their substantial operations located here can qualify for a 10 percent concessionary rate of tax (IRAS, 2008). This tax incentive has pulled and is continuing to pull foreign venture capitalists who provide the foreign capital infows.One such company is Societe Generale who received the OHQ award in January 2000. Be sides this, Legg Mason Asset Management, Deutsche Asset Management, Merrill Lynch Mercury Asset Management and Zurich Scudder Investments are a fewer that were named in the MAS publication on New Initiatives for Enhancing Financial Sector Expertise, 2001. The motive for large-scale multinationals to relocate in Singapore is not only because of our highly advanced infrastructure, telecom and information facilities.It is also due to the support and encouragement that our government has been continuously offering through such tax incentives. 3. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCE AND exchequer CENTRE (FTC) Foreign and Treasury Centre was introduced with the aim to entice foreign corporations to use Singapore as a base for conducting treasury management activities for colligate companies in the region. Under this scheme, foreign companies can enjoy a 10 percent concessionary tax rate from fee income from FTC subsidiaries, related companies and associates for provision of FTC run. According to Mr. lee(prenominal) Chuan Teck, Executive Director for Financial Markets Strategy in MAS, by 2006 a total of 600 companies had chosen Singapore as their focal point to operate their financial services (MAS, 2006). According to the Survey on Corporate Risk Management Practices, 75 percent of the foreign MNCs cited EDBs incentives as a reason for relocating their treasury centres in Singapore (Craig, 1997). This tells us the success of this incentive. 4.CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCIAL SECTOR INCENTIVES (FSI) The FSI scheme offers a concessionary tax rate of 5% for qualifying high growth and high value-added activities and 10% for mature but tax-sensitive activities. The FSI is a measure designed to invite the front and back offices of multinational financial groups to Singapore so as to meet our overall goal to be a leading centre for competence in knowledge-driven activities and a choice location for company headquarters with responsibilities for product and cap ability charters (Geeta, 2002). Singapores vision is to be a pre-eminent financial centre in Asia.Technopreneurship 21 is the initiative that the government launched to achieve this goal. FSI plays a key role in attracting foreign multinationals to start-up their financial services in Singapore so that its dream of becoming a financial hub in the international arena can materialize. How far have been successful in this attempt is the question that we should be asking. As at 2005, 24 foreign abundant service licensees, 35 wholesale licensees and 46 offshore licensees operated in Singapore. Statistics provided by EDB (Embassy, 2006) for 2005 shows that foreign financial institution J.P Morgan Securities Asia, U. S. based MNC, had assets totalling up to US$14. 5 billion in Singapore. Singapore Department of Statistics reported that the financial and insurance services sector had generated US$49,223 of Foreign Direct Investments in 2003. That is 34 percent of the total FDI for that yea r (Embassy, 2006). 5. APPROVED GLOBAL TRADING COMPANY spherical Trading Company was launched to facilitate and develop international trading activities. The GTP is a merger of the authorise Oil wilinessr (AOT) and the Approved International Trader (AIT) programmes.The programme encourages global trading companies to use Singapore as their regional or global base to conduct activities along the total trade value-add chain from procurement to distribution, in order to expand into the region and beyond (IEsingapore, 2009). Over the years, the programme has attracted a vibrant cluster of global trading companies to hub their strategic business functions in Singapore. These companies are key players in their respective industries such as oil trading, petrochemicals, agri-commodities and metals (IEsingapore, 2009). take care for Trade and Industry, Mr Lim Hng Kiang announced in his speech during the Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 that in 2007, offshore trade by companies under IE Singapores Global Trader Programme, GTP, grew more than 30% to reach over US$465 billion. These companies employed over 7,000 staff and contributed S$7. 8 billion worth of total business spending. Much of the spending was in shipping, freight management and storage services, lending further testimony to Singapores strengths as a logistics and auxiliary services hub.From a modest start of 25 companies in 1989, there are currently more than 230 companies under the GTP (MTI, 2008) . 3. Incentives Available under EEIA Tax incentives available under EEIA are discussed below (IRAS, 2008). 1. PIONEER INDUSTRIES INCENTIVES The first aim of Pioneer Industries was to attract capital from both local and foreign companies who invest in new industries in Singapore. This incentive was introduced to draw investment in innovative areas to enhance Singapores industrial development (Fordham, 1992).Companies which qualified for PI were given a full tax exemption on qualifying profits for a period o f time ranging from 5 years to 15 years. Implementation of this incentive saw a surge in the number of manufacturing industries that were set up here. By 1997, petroleum industries and electronics industries were dominating the Pioneer Manufacturing Establishments. MNCs like Exxon, Shell Sumitomo, Seagate, Hewlett-Packard and Compaq were already located here then contributing a total of S$117,104 million of foreign equity investment in Singapore (H H, 1997).As at 2004, the qualifying activities include services such as medical, publishing, education, automated warehousing facilities, exhibition and conference, financial, venture capital fund activity and so on (H H, 1997). 2. DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION INCENTIVE (DEI) This incentive is granted mainly to manufacturing and service industries that are engaged in capital investment to upgrade or modernize production capacity. The purpose of this incentive is to encourage greater growth and attract more companies to move into higher value -added activities.Under this scheme, eligible companies are entitled to preferential corporate tax rates for qualifying profits above a pre-determined base for a specific period (SPRING Singapore, 2008). According to the statistics collated by Ministry for Trade and Industry, the total investment by foreign companies in Singapore in development projects increased from$6,608 in 1997 to $17,187 in 2007. 3. OVERSEAS ENTERPRISE INCENTIVE (OEI) OEI was put in place to encourage local businesses to invest in a venture company, technology investment company or overseas investment company.OEI provides tax exemption on the qualifying income. Overseas investment should result in new business opportunities, activities as well as new technology to be introduced in Singapore. For instance DBS Bank, Bakerzin and Charles and Keith are a few prominent local bred companies which have ventured overseas. DBS Bank, Singapores local bank, has ventured into countries like Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japa n, U. S and many more (IESingapore, 2008). Bakerzin has franchises in KL, Jakarta, Shanghai and US while Charles and Keith had ventured into the shopping center East and Asia Pacific markets (IESingapore, 2008). . Effect of DTA in attracting foreign capital inflows According to the Inland Revenue say-so of Singapore, we have 59 Double Taxation Agreements with various countries. These treaties were signed to relieve taxpayers from the burden of double taxation when they repatriate their earnings to their home country. These treaties aim to offer relief from double taxation, either by way of tax credit, tax exemption or a reduced tax rate. These reduced rates and exemptions vary among countries and specific items of income.Treaty provisions generally are reciprocal (apply to both treaty countries). Only Singapore tax residents and tax residents of the treaty country can enjoy the benefits of a DTA. Signing of these treaties has resulted in increased foreign investments from countrie s such as Europe, U. S. and Japan. In 1996 the total foreign investments was $125,274. The major investors then were Japan, Europe and U. S. In 2006 the investments rose to $363,935 and the major players are Japan, Europe, U. S, European pairing and South and Central America and the Caribbean. 3. CONCLUSIONPolicies have been the driving force for a small nation like Singapore to achieve so very much within a short period of time. With no natural resources, foreign capital inflows in the form of foreign direct investments has played major part in shaping our nation to what it is today. With less to offer, tax incentives are one of the key reasons that had attracted many foreign companies creating a pool of foreign capital inflows. Our research on the various tax incentives has showed us that, indeed, they were effective enough to attract foreign companies to locate here with their technology and know-how.The early years efforts to industrialize our economy paid off and that had ena bled us to improve our air and seaport facilities, telecommunication, information technology, warehousing and logistics facilities. Tax incentives have been working in the background and today these are some of our achievements (www. sedb. govs. sg) Now as we move towards being knowledge based economy with technopreneurial goals, our tax incentives have been further enhanced through the R deductions and allowing more activities to be qualified under the Pioneer Industries.Thus in our opinion, the tax incentives offered under ITA, EEIA and DTA have been effective in attracting foreign capital inflows which have do our country thus far. BIBILIOGRAPHY Agency, C. I. (2008). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from CIA www. cia. gov Craig, F. (1997). Survey of Coporate Risk Management Practices 1997. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Singapore Foreign Exchange Market Committee http//www. sfemc. org/annual_report/Tansformation_AR_1997_-b. pdf D. J. (1996, December).Learnin g from Singapore Road to Non-agonised Budgeting. Asian Journal of Public Administration . E. o. (2006, January). Singapore Investment Climate Report. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http//singapore. usembassy. gov http//singapore. usembassy. gov/uploads/images/HiMDAFJ23iuXGl0Th5mNsA/InvestClimate2006. pdf Fordham, M. (1992). Tax Incentives for Investment & Expansion (2 ed. ). Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd. G. H. (2002). Singapore as an investment Ground A Review. Retrieved April 2009, from www. excelsol. com. sg http//www. xcelsol. com/env/envsg. pdf GuideMeSingapore. (2008, April 14). Singapore Corporate Income Tax Guide. (GuideMeSingapore, Editor, & Janus Corporate Solutions 2006) Retrieved March 28, 2009, from GuideMeSingapore http//www. guidemesingapore. com/corporate-taxation/c321-corporate-taxation-system-overview. htm H H, A. T. (1997, August 27). Official Efforts to Attract FDI Case of Singapores EDB. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from National University of Singapore htt p//www. fas. nus. edu. sg/ecs/pub/wp/previous/AHTAN2. pdf IEsingapore. (2009).Global Trader Program. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from IE Singapore http//www. iesingapore. gov. sg/wps/portal/AssistanceProgrammes/FinancialIncentives/GTP IRAS. (2008, February 14). Applying for Tax Incentives. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore http//www. iras. gov. sg/irasHome/page04. aspx? id=1746 L. D. (2007, March). Growth of Research and Development in Singapore 2000 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Singapore Statistics Department http//www. singstat. gov. sg/pubn/papers/economy/ssnmar07-pg1-7. df L. Y. (2007). Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from ScienceDirect. com http//www3. ntu. edu. sg/home/ayuliu/2007%20JPM%20LYH%20-%20Facing%20the%20challenge. pdf MAS. (2006). SPEECH ON REGIONAL TREASURY CENTRES IN SINGAPORE BY. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Monetary Authority of Singapore http//www. mas. gov. sg/news_room/statements/2006/Speech_on _Regional_Treasury_Centres_in_Singapore. html MOF. (2008). Liberalization of R&D Tax Deduction. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from Ministry of Finance http//www. gpolitics. net/budget2008/annexb-2. pdf MTI. (2008, May 25). Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 Speech By Minister Lim Hng Kiang. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Ministry for Trade and Industry http//app. mti. gov. sg/default. asp? id=148&articleID=13861 PWC. (2008, November). IRAS issues a circular on research and development (R&D) tax measures . Retrieved April 2, 2009, from PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited http//www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 T. T. (1996).Corporate Income Tax in Singapore Issues and Future Directions. In M. G. Asher, & a. Tyabji (Eds. ), Fiscal System of Singapore (p. 196). Pagesetters Services Pte Ltd. 1 CIA The World factbook https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn. html. 2 Fordham, Margaret BA Durham Tax Incentives fo r Investment and Expansion 2/E 1992 3 Based on the IRAS circular, definition of R&D was amended to incorporate the requirements that the R&D study must be systematic, investigative and experimental.R&D project must involve novelty or technical risk and be undertaken with the object of acquiring new knowledge or using the results of the study for the production or improvement of materials, devices, products, produce or processes. The list of specifically excluded activities in the definition of R&D has also been expanded so that modus operandi modifications, cosmetic modifications or stylistic changes, as well as the development of software that is not intended for sale, lease or license to third parties are excluded.However, an exception is introduced for research in the social sciences and humanities and for software development that is undertaken wholly or mainly to support a qualifying R&D project. In these cases, the expenditure can be included as part of the qualifying R&D pro ject expenditure. More information is available at http//www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 4 The National R&D Survey is attached as Annex 2 5 The European Union-15 comprises Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

Infection Control Essay

This is a reflective assignment that will reflect upon a scenario that took place during the clinical placement of a student defy in theatres. The assignment will focus on MRSA communications protocols in theatres, why it is important and how the use of reflection assists in the continuous professional development of a student bear. Throughout the assignment the author will use the Rolfe reflective framework (2001, cited in Jasper, 2003) to explore what happened through out the scenario development the three stages of what, so what and now what. Reflection is a useful tool which wellness care professionals use to improve their skills and advance their future practice by revisiting scenarios that occurred and exploring why something happened, whether it could be improved in any way or to recognize good practice (Jasper & Rosser, 2013)In accordance to The Code (NMC, 2008) which dictates that alone patient information should be kept confidential, and the Data protection Act (1998) w hich also governs that patient information should be kept secure and released to only those necessary or to who the patient shares it with each(prenominal) patient details will be kept private and the patient is referred to only as the patient.During a surgical procedure in theatre the MRSA protocol was being followed. However during the procedure a Doctor left the theatre and then tried to re enter the preparation room, the clean circulating nurse did not allow this and informed the doctor to change scrubs and wash their shoes straight away. A full description of the scenario is attached as vermiform process 1. The nurse was trying to minimize risk of cross infection as clothing and footwear could be contaminated by surfaces (Kumar, Saunders & Watson, 2000). The student nurse inevitably to have a good intelligence of MRSA, protocols and research and evidence based approaches to deliver safe and appropriate care whilst minimizing risk of cross infection.Methicillin-resistant Sta phylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacteria that is resistant to a number of antibiotics that treat infection including methicillin. There are different strains of Staphylococcus aureus making it harder or easier to treat. MRSA can live in the nostrils or on grate and iseasily transferred from person to person or surface by contact, it can also be dispersed by skin particles through the air (McNeil, Mody & Bradley, 2002), contaminating beds and surfaces (Kumar, Saunders & Watson, 2000 ) and can remain active for longer than 6 months (Wagenvoort, Sluijsmans & Penders, 2000).This is why hand hygiene and environmental cleanliness is so important (Crowcroft, 1996). The bacterium can enter the bloodstream through small cuts or a wound Depending on individuals immune system people can fight kill lower strains of MRSA with minimal infection symptoms such as pain, temperature, dizziness etc. However people with lowered immune systems i.e. people in hospital with real health complaints or inf ections can be harder to treat (Dougherty &Lister, 2004). MRSA is a virulent pathogen and when it doesnt respond to treatment can cause sepsis, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, dirty arthritis, osteomyelitis and can even result in death (Weigeit, 2007).During theatre procedures the same source isolation nursing that is used on the wards is used in theatres nursing that is used on the wards (NHS, 2012). St Georges Hospital (NHS St Georges Trust, 2012) theatre policy outlines during theatre and recovery staff numbers should be kept to a minimum, all unneeded equipment should be removed from theatre, staff should wear protective clothing and a plastic gown, after the procedure all equipment and surfaces should be cleaned and patients should be nursed using source isolation practices. (Dougherty & Lister, 2004) Source isolation aims to keep the source of infection from spreading anywhere by means of hand washing, washing, protective clothing and incineration of all d isposable waste in a controlled manor. The National Institute for clinical excellence also highlighted the importance of source isolation regarding MRSA discussing its negative impacts on health ranging from discomfort to serious disability or death. (NICE, 2011) in 2009/10 the NHS dealt with almost 1900 bloodstream infections, each infection cost the NHS around 7000. The aim in pursuit guidelines is to protect patients, protect staff and to protect the environment for the next patient who will enter the theatre having an operation (Dougherty & Lister, 2004).Thanks to evidence based clinical practice and improved hand hygiene MRSA bloodstream infection rates have dropped by 41% in the NHS across Englandsince 2009 and a further 29% in 2012/2013 (Department of Health, 2012)From this event the student was able to reflect on research and evidence based approaches specifically in regards to MRSA and gain a more in-depth understanding of MRSA. Reading about bacterium and paths of transmi ssion helped the student nurse have a better understanding of infection control measures and their importance.

P1 the Functions of the Main Cell Components of the Body Cell

In this musical composition i will be writing brief description on the functions of the main carrell components of the carcass cell. The cell tissue layer is something that lets some things in and some things out of the cell. It is an outer cover for the cell. If the cell membrane was non existences the cell would spill all over the place. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping early(a) substances out. It is composed of a thin, double-layered sheet of lipids, around the Cell and is a protective membrane layer around every Cell.Nucleus pic The nucleus is the control centre of a cell. It contains ancestral material such as DNA and controls the cells growth and reproduction. The nucleus in addition controls the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cytoplasm. it withal involved in cell division and stores all the information that is to be transferred to the next generation cytol cytop lasm is a homogeneous, which generally clear jelly-like material that fills cells . The cytoplasm consists of cytosol and the cellular organelles , except the nucleus. The cytoplasm offers victuals for the cell.It allows the cells organelles to freely fail throughout the cell. Movement is sped up in the fluid of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm can also act as a medium for transport within the cell. Mitochondria pic The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it provides energy to the cell through respiration. The food that we eat is broken into simpler molecules like carbohydrates, fats and etc in our bodies. These atomic number 18 sent to the mitochondrion where they are further precessed to produce charged molecules that combine with oxygen and produce Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) molecules.This entire process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria also helps in the building of certain parts of the blood, and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Smooth and roug h endoplasmic reticulum pic The smooth ER is a system of internal membrane inside the cell which move proteins and other substance through the cell. Smooth ER has its purpose in the cell. It acts as a terminus organelle. It is of the essence(p) in the creation and storage of steroids. It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time.Steroids are a type of ringed organic molecule used for some(prenominal) purposes in an organism. They are not always about building muscle mass like a weight lifter. The ion storage is important because sometimes a cell needs ions fast. It might not want to search the environment for ions, so it is easier to have them stored in a pack for easy use. Rough ER looks rough on the surface because it is stubbed with very small organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and are the turn up of protein synthesis. They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosomes builds the amino sultry chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatuspic The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.Lysosome pic Lysosomes are single, membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes. The digestive enzymes ensure down all the major classes of macromolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Throughout a cells lifetime, the lysosomal enzymes digest old organelles to make room for new formed organelles. The lysosomes allow cells to continually renew themselves and prevent the accumulation of cellular toxins.

Mongolia’s Karakorum

The old-fashioned urban center of Karakorum in the 13th century according to history and archaeological records was the seat and the imperial cracking of the Mongolian Empire of Genghis (or Chinggis) Khan. It is located in the Ovohangai Mongolia, near the Orhon River and Mount Otuken according to Haw (2006, 32). The city was founded and erected by Genghis Khan himself in 1220 to serve as the seat of his colossal Mongol Empire and not moreover served as the administrative center but a major cultural link between the vitamin E and the West. Before the 13th century, the area around Karakorum particularly Karabalghasun used to be the seat of the Uyghurs who needed a permanent fortified capital to store resources extorted from China in 750-757.Ideally, this place was the take up choice because the Turks and the Mongols considered the meet lands as sacred. After the Uyghurs were destroyed in 840 by the Khirgiz the region was transformed from a Turkish heartland to a Mongol land. The Khirgiz power was however centered on the Yenisei River to the North which was how the area around Mt. Outuken and Karakorum faded into absolution according to Findley (2005, 49). Geographically Karakorum also lies in the northwestern corner of the vrkhangai Province of Mongolia, near at at a times town of Kharkhorin.This region is surrounded by arable land making the soil for the most part soft and ideal for planting after the annual flooding according to Morgan (1986, 87). The land is also contributory to grazing which is extremely acceptable and desirable to a nomadic tribe who relied on horses to travel winged to fara way of life lands. Present day Mongolia has discovered the ruins of the vast city of Karakorum in an area which was suitable for two crops and livestock and which possessed very old-established mining deposits Morgan(1986, 46).As a major geographic route in the Middle Ages, Karakorum is also a saddle between two mountains and a river and considered a rel atively patrician passage to the East which was how Genghis must have envisioned his central empire. When the Mongols reunited the steppe tribes, they created the largest land-based empire in history interlocking Europe and Asia under Genghis Khan in McCannon (2006, 143). However, prior to their expansion, the Mongols did not have a sophisticated nine and proved adept at cultural borrowing as relate in McCannon (2006, 144). score has related how the Mongols behaved like barbarians without any regard for personal care and clothing. As warriors, a nomadic life best suited them and anything that could slow their journey to the next city they could conquer is avoided. However Kwantes revealed that the Mongols massive journey and conquests into different lands awoke them to goods they had never seen (2005, 57). Khan and his work force learned to appreciate the beautiful silk, delicious food and exotic items pillage and ga in that locationd from new(prenominal) places (Kwantes, 57) . They began to slowly learn about other peoples culture which changed their way of lives.Genghis Khans advisers told him once, thou has conquered great empire in the saddle thou cannot govern it so, (Kwantes 58). distinctly this advisor understood that Khans nomadic way of life could not continue when vast lands and goods were acquired without a central government devised to rule for such a grown empire. Understanding the need for perseveration of the Mongol rule, Genghis Khan now growing older changed the Mongols nomadic life and discrete to establish Karakorum as his headquarters because of its accessibility and spiritual history (Kwantes, 57).In its prime Karakorum served not besides as the administrative centre of the Mongolian Empire, but also as a major patronage and cultural link between East and West in Haw, (2006, 32). The Mongols soon imposed a iodin political authority, encouraged economic exchange and do travel conditions safer according to McCannon (2006, 144). T hey began to established cities around their territories and made crucial economic centers passable for merchants, missionaries and travelers of all profession (McCannon, 144).Genghis Khan desired for his people to learn which is wherefore foreign visitors were encouraged and welcomed so the Mongols could gather knowledge from the foreigners about cultures uncommon to them. Morgan once said that the Mongols were innocent and uncultured who did not know how to write (1986, 114). All this would change later on as Mongol conquest is contemporarily declared as the transfer of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to western sandwich and Eastern societies in Saunders(2001, 82).At its height, Karakorum became a busy metropolis served by soldiers, merchants, and craftspeople, many of the latter merchandise from lands conquered by the Mongolian military in Morgan (1986, 114). The ancient city, with an area of 400 meters by 400 meters, was protected from attackers by a fortified wall, and near each of the walls four gates, four freak granite turtle sculptures were installed to protect the city from a potentially more dangerous threat periodic floods from the Orhon River in Morgan (1986115).Karakorum in the 13th century then became home to more than ten thousand people, including Khans family, noblemen, ministers, military leaders, craftsmen, traders, clergy, and foreign guests, in addition to nomads inhabiting the compounds in Morgan (1986, 114). The huge size of the city was ideal for the citys diverse religions where twelve idol temples of different nations, two mosques in which is cried the and one church of Christians could be found within its walls(Kwantes, 59).In addition, a diverse population also inhabited the walls with resident Chinese, Alans, Ruthenians, Georgians, Hermenians and other non-Mongol peoples inside as provided in Saunders (2001, 19). Karakorum became a host to a stream of foreign emissaries and traders like Marco Polo and perchance Ibn Battuta among others. Delegations as far away as India, Arabia, Armenia and Rome, as well as merchants from China, Persia, and other countries along the Silk channel were welcome to the Great Khans established city.Town life must have prospered a lot during Genghis reign as archaeological evidence supports how their existence was centered on metallurgy powered by the currents of the Orkhon River. Other findings include arrowheads iron cauldrons wheel bushings evidence of ceramic tiles and sculpture production (Brittanica, 2005). Glass form production and yarn spindles were also evident along with also Chinese silk and coins that could support the trading employment in the area (Brittanica, 2005).Recent excavations of the city ruins have indicated that the royal palace was likely burned pot at the time of the Min invasion, but it is not clear how completely the city was demolished (McCannon, 144). Although there is no mention of Karakorum in kno wn historical records of the following 87 years, it is quite possible that the city was never fully abandoned according to McCannon (2006, 144). Indeed the city is the cradle of many Central Asian civilizations with its advanced agriculture and crafts that were highly developed while trade flourished.Despite European claims that the Tartars (as how Europe called the Mongols) were highly uncivilized and unsophisticated records would show that Karakorum was once an intellectual community. They honor and respect diverse cultures and religion which has been carried by dint of centuries of repression until 1990s when Mongolians were soon free to practice any religion of choice. Illiteracy has also been eliminated in this juvenile period as a legacy from its great leaders.Today the Mongols and their great leaders are remembered as valiant heroes who conquered vast lands against all odds to build a mighty empire or as ruthless conquerors that destroyed everything in their path. Genghis s et a certain set of organization, battlefield, equipment and mentality to fight for and with his men with a vast army organized into a decimal system, with a commander for every serial of 10 units elected by the troops in Morgan (1986, 115).Military tactics were rehearsed well in supplying and each warrior was expected to know precisely what to do from the signals of the commanders, which took form in flaming arrows, drums, and banners (Morgan, 116). With extreme discipline they combined skill, discipline, and tactics without Western interference or teaching, learning such divisive techniques on their own. erstwhile(prenominal) when the western knights fought with the Mongol horsemen during an invasion, the Europeans were utterly destroyed as the Mongols employed a wide array of tricks that contradicts claims of their noncivilised and barbaric status.Nevertheless, the sheer extent of their conquests revealed how an ailing nation ravaged by poverty and conflict once united under a single cause could reach great heights of power and achievement. fraction and greed for power disunited them into utter failure which serves as a lesson for the next generations. I thus consider the Mongols as the significant players in history because their conquests surpass what any other country has done. whole kit CitedKwantes, Anne. She Has Done a Beautiful Thing for Me Portraits of Christian Women in Asia PhilAm books, 2005.Haw, Stephen. Marco Polo in China A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilal Khan. Routledge, 2006.McCannon, John. Barrons How to Prepare for the AP World. Barrons Educational Series, 2006.Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History. United States Oxford Press, 2005.Britannica. Karakorum. 2005.http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044690/KarakorumAccessed 08 May, 2007.Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishing, 1986.Saunders, John Joseph. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.

Attribution Theory Essay

Attribution Theory explanation The process by which souls interpret and pinpoint make ups for their own personal and former(a)s behaviour is the surmisal of attribution. 1 In this motivational theory, a person always go backs a way to explain things, he make inferences on why things or events excrete. After explaining the events a person then predicts future events done his inferences. He wants to understand the reasons or causes behind behaviour of people and why events happen. It was first proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958 and further developed by Harold Kelly and Bernard Weiner.Theories Internal vs. External Attributions Every person observe and analyze things contrastingly thus having different ways of explaining things. The attribution theory proposes that when people observe and analyze things they try to find out whether it is caused intern everyy or outside(a)ly. 2 Attribution is a three-stage process (1) Observation of an individual behaviour, (2) intent whether t he behaviour is intentional and (3) Attribution of the observed behaviour to internal or external chemical elements.Those that are believed that git be personally controlled are called internal attributions while those believed to be caused by outside forces are external attributions. 2Example of internal attributions are ability, personality, mood, efforts, military positions or disposition while external attributions are task, other people and luck. 4 Fol starting is an example of an application of this theory is when an employee failed to perform in a apt(p) task, a manager tries to explain why this thing happened.He may attribute this failure to little efforts made by his subordinate (internal attribute) or he may consider that the ownn task possibly be too difficult for his employee (external attribute). Consistency, Distinctiveness and Consensus On the other hand, when making a determination amid internal and external causes of behaviour, three factors must be consider ed (1) consent, (2) distinctiveness and (3) consensus. 1 Consistency is how frequent a person be commits too when faced with the same situations.Distinctiveness is how different a person behaves when faced with different types of situations. Consensus is when a group of people behaves similarly when faced with the same situation. 2 When a person behaves similarly when faced with same situations, we can say that the consistency is spunky if he acts differently every clock exposed with the same situation, consistency is low. 3 An example of consistency is the following is when an employee consistently has a low procedure when he always assigned in a individual task rather when he is assigned in a group task.The observed behaviour of the employee wherein there is a spirited consistency can be attributed to an internal factor which is attitude. When a person behaves differently during different types of situations distinctiveness is amply if he behaves similarly during different situations, distinctiveness is low. 3 An example of distinctiveness is when an honor school-age child gets advanced grades (same behaviour) in all of his subjects during three consecutive grading periods (different situations).The observed behaviour of the student wherein there is a low distinctiveness can be attributed to an internal factor which is ability or effort. When the observed behaviour of a group of people is the same in a given situation, consensus is high if this group behaves differently given a similar situation, consensus is low. 3 An example of distinctiveness is when all students are late in a first period class (consensus is high), the attribution to this behaviour maybe due to an external factor which is traffic caused by a vehicular accident.Figure 1. Summary of the key elements in attribution theory. 2 Errors and Biases in Attribution The difference on how every person thinks, perceive and judge things may dealer to some biases. One may consider the greater attributes of certain occurrences to external factors rather than internal factors or the other way around, well on the actual these considerations may not be correct all the time. Fundamental Attribution Error and Self-serving BiasFundamental attribution error is when people have the tendency to consider the go of external factors more than considering the influence of internal or personal factors. 2 An example of this is when we attribute the promotion of an officemate to perfect timingor luck rather than to his own efforts and perseverance. Self-serving bias is overestimating the influence of internal factors or personal traits rather than assigning external or situational factors to certain occurrences.When a person attributes his personal success to his own traits or internal and his misfortunes to bad luck or external factors, he is thus committing a self-serving bias. 1Self-fulfilling Prophecy Perceivers expectations for a person will cause the perceiver to treat the person perceived differently and the person perceived will respond in a way that confirms the initial expectations. 1 Example of this is when a teacher thinks that his student will do well during his exam so he spends more time with this student and coaches him well, in return the student will get a high score in the exam.Summary Attribution theory is of import to management because managers and employees actions and opinion can be influenced by how they perceive or see the reasons that cause humane behaviour given a certain situation. 3 Different attributions of a manager to an employees attitude and performance can affect the standing of the employee in the organization. If a manager attributes the employees poor performance to lack of effort in performing the assigned task, he may fail the employee or give the employee a low rating during performance appraisals.On the other hand, if the manager attributes the poor performance to the high direct of difficulty of the job, the manager may review and revise the job specifications to lessen the difficulty level of the job. Attribution also affects employee motivation. If an employee attributes the success to external factors, then they may lose motivation since anything that may occur is beyond their control. If an employee attributes success to internal factors like perseverance, then they are expected to have a high motivation for their job.

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Essay

In this task the explanation of why individuals may do it additional needs go out be provided. There are 4 main categories of baulk. I will list them and similarly give an example of each category and also say if the disability is physical, cognitive or sensory. Physical meaning having problems with strength or co-ordination within caused by having an accident or an inspection. cognitive meaning a somebody having problems with learning and understanding everyday things.Sensory this stomach be a problem with learning through sight, taste, smell, touch and audition. Basically this has to do with the five senses. The categories are Genetic (from a family member through blood) Sickle cell is contracted through either parent (mother/father) who has the trait. This trait can be passed on to the pincer or children. If the father has a trait and the mother has a trait, the child can get the full trait. This category is physical.Accidental accidents can cause disability e. g. a pers on driving a car and accidentally hits down a person walking in the channel this can cause major damage to this person. The person could be paralyzed for life. This category is physical and could also be cognitive because this person could wipe out hit his/her head and ended up being humor damage. The brain damage can lead to this person losing most of the knowledge he/she had before and have to start learning all over again.Developmental can be caused be a large(predicate) woman having difficulty in the womb or during birth. A child can develop disability while growing up for example contracting Meningitis. Possible complications that can be caused are hearing loss, learning disability or problem with co-ordination and balance. This category can be sensory, physical or cognitive. environmental can be caused by working in a place where there is lots of dust or even smoking can cause a person to develop asthma or other infections. This category can be physical.