Death Penalty Synthesis

The death penalty goes back as far as the 17th century. From burning alive to beating to death, the death penalty was carried out in some of the cruelest and most painful ways one could imagine. Although more efficient ways of execution have been discovered, such as lethal injections, capital punishment is still ruthless and a lot of times unnecessary. Capital punishment is like the easy way out of dealing with criminals by â€Å"eliminating the complexities of judge and jury† (Source J), when there are much more efficient punishments that could be used when dealing with a felony.Capital punishment should not be used for so many different reasons; it is immoral, very costly and mistakes that could be prevented happen way too often. Some may argue that capital punishment should be used to remove the criminal because they are dangerous and they deserve to be executed but â€Å"the deed is done and taking another life cannot change† (Source A) the fact that one life is alr eady gone. There are other ways of preventing the culprit from harming others, such as removing them for society by putting them in jail.Being sentenced to â€Å"life imprisonment is a far more practical form of retribution† (Source F) for the defendant; it’s much fairer, more efficient and a lot less cruel than execution. Citizens are just as safe when the criminal is in jail as they would be if capital punishment was used. Plus, if the criminal was eventually found guilty then they could be freed from jail. According to the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person† (Source B).Capital punishment â€Å"violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment† (Source K) by taking away the right to life that every citizen has. The criminal has the right to â€Å"equal protection under the law† (Source K) no matter what the situation might be. The death penalty is promoting violence more than anything else.Executing someone for their wrongdoing makes it appear that killing someone is acceptable, but it’s not and shouldn’t be tolerated no matter what the  circumstances are. Studies have shown that capital punishment does not affect the amount of crimes committed (Source F); therefore using the death penalty has no impact on preventing the murders from happening. Capital punishment is not only the most â€Å"cruel and uncivilized punishment† (Source F), but it is also the most expensive and most time consuming solution to punishing the criminal.On average, one â€Å"death penalty case resulting in a death sentence costs approximately $3 million† (Source C), which is â€Å"a waste of taxpayer funds and has no public safety benefit† (Source K). Taxes need to be spent on improvements for the state, not on the execution of one person when there are much more efficient solutions to punishing the culprit. The most brutal part of ca pital punishment is the fact that it is possible to take an innocent person’s life, which happens way more than it should.There have been 142 people â€Å"freed from death row after being exonerated with DNA or other kinds of evidence† (Source F), if that evidence wouldn’t have been found in time then any one of those innocent people could have been executed for doing nothing wrong. Some research shows that one in every ten people executed were later found guilty; if they hadn’t been put through capital punishment then many innocent people could have been saved from suffering for something they were never responsible for.Not only are innocent people executed, also deciding â€Å"who should be sent to death row is arbitrary and discriminatory† (Source F). Studies by professors at North Carolina University have shown that the â€Å"odds of receiving a death sentence raised by 3. 5 times among those defendants whose victims where white† (Source C), which shows how race might have an impact on whether or not the death penalty is used in the case. There are so many reasons why capital punishment is not the answer to a crime. Everyone has the right to live and deserves a second chance.The death penalty doesn’t prevent violence, it only promotes it. It is an expensive process that can end up accidently putting innocent people to death because they were blamed for something they really didn’t do. Without capital punishment, the world would be a much better place and many innocent lives could be saved, and the guilty criminals can get help and continue their lives while not harming anymore citizens. Capital punishment is unconstitutional and should be avoided at all costs, no matter what the situation may be.

Alfred Binet and His Life

Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied Natural Sciences at the Sorbonne. His first formal job was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpetriere Hospital, in Paris from 1883 – 1889. From there, Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 – 1894. In 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 (his death). After receiving his law degree in 1878, Alfred Binet began to study science at the Sorbonne.However, he was not overly interested in his formal schooling, and started educating himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris. He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill, who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mill's ideas continued to influence his work. In 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Fere, who introduced him to Jean Charcot, the director of a clinic called La Salpetriere. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic. During his seven years there, any and every of Charcot's views were accepted unconditionally by Binet. This of course, was where he could have used the interactions with others and training in critical thinking that a University education provided. In 1883, Binet began to work in Jean-Martin Charcot's neurological laboratory at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris. At the time of Binet's tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism. Binet was strongly influenced by this great man, and published four articles about his work in this area. Unfortunately, Charcot's conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny, and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher. When his intrigue with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance, he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters, Madeleine and Alice (born in 1885 and 1887, respectively). In the 21 year period following his shift in career interests, Binet â€Å"published more than 200 books, articles, and reviews in what now would be called experimental, developmental, educational, social, nd differential psychology† (Siegler, 1992). Bergin and Cizek (2001) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget, who later studied with Binet's collaborator Theodore Simon in 1920. Binet's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development. Despite Binet's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence. Wolf (1973) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliation with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work (Siegler, 1992). Additionally, his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke. Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization. Basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, and this failure took a toll on him. In 1890, Binet resigned from La Salpetriere and never mentioned the place or its director again. His interests then turned toward the development of his children, Madeleine and Alice, who were two years apart. This research corresponds with that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later, regarding the development of cognition in children. A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director. This was a position that Binet held until his death, and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes. While directing the Laboratory, Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet's supervision. This was the beginning of their long, fruitful collaboration. During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology, L'Annee psychologique, serving as the director and editor-in-chief. n 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child. French education changed profusely during the end of the nineteenth century, because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school. This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner. Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded. The question became â€Å"What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom? † Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences. L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence (Experimental Studies of Intelligence) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903. Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book, with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon. Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet's research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for, which share Simon's name as well. In 1905, a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet–Simon scale. In 1908, they revised the scale, dropping, modifying, and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen. In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology, La Societe Libre pour l'Etude Psychologique de l'Enfant, was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children. The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education. Binet, being an active member of this group, found the impetus for the development of his mental scale. Binet and Simon, in creating what historically is known as the Binet-Simon Scale, comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children's abilities at various ages. This task-selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings. They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children, ten children per five age groups. The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age. The purpose of this scale of normal functioning, which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards, was to compare children's mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers (Siegler, 1992). The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing complexity. The easiest of these could be accomplished by all children, even those who were severely retarded. Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a lighted match with his eyes or shake hands with the examiner. Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 3 digits, repeat simple sentences, and to define words like house, fork or mama. More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as â€Å"Paris, river and fortune. † The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for the French word obeisance and to answer questions such as â€Å"My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place? † (Fancher, 1985). For the practical use of determining educational placement, the score on the Binet-Simon scale would reveal the child's mental age. For example, a 6 year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year-olds–but nothing beyond–would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age, 6. 0. (Fancher, 1985). Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale. He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures. Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment; therefore, intelligence was not based solely on genetics, was malleable rather than fixed, and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds (Siegler, 1992). Given Binet's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U. S. While Binet was developing his mental scale, the business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.  S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy (Siegler,1992) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H. H. Goddard, a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet-Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English. Following Goddard in the U. S. ental testing movement was Lewis Terman who took the Simon-Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample. The new Standford-Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children, as was Binet's objective. A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford-Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in â€Å"curtailing the reproduction of feeble-mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency (p. 7)† Terman, L. , Lyman, G. , Ordahl, G. , Ordahl, L. , Galbreath, N. ; Talbert, W. (1916). The Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence. Baltimore: Warwick ; York. (White, 2000). It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure. Siegler (1992) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside of France and he barely participated in professional organizations. Additionally, his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate. Finally, when Binet did become aware of the â€Å"foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument† he condemned those who with ‘brutal pessimism' and ‘deplorable verdicts' were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single, unitary construct (White, 2000). From 1905 to 1908, Binet and Simon developed a test primarily for kids ages 3 to 15 that would compare their intellectual capabilities to other children of the same age. He did a lot of trial and error testing with students from his area. Binet studied groups of â€Å"normal† children, and also children who were mentally challenged. He had to figure out which tasks each group of students was able to complete, and what would be considered standard in the groups. The tests were held between one interviewer and one student, and determined what level of intellectual thinking the student had achieved. The invention of the intelligence test was extremely important to the field of education. Binet published the third version of the Binet-Simon scale right before he died in 1911, but it was still unfinished. If it were not for his early death, Binet surely would have continued to revise the scale. Still, the Binet-Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world, mainly because it is easy to give and fairly brief. Since his death, many people in many ways have honored Binet, but two of these stand out. In 1917, the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child, to whom Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests, changed their name to La Societe Alfred Binet, in memory of the renowned psychologist. The second honor was not until 1984, when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet-Simon scale, as one of twenty of this century's most significant developments or discoveries. He studied sexual behavior, coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects, such as articles of clothing. He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse, the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days.References http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/psychtesting/profiles/binet.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/binet.shtml

Emma Goldman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emma Goldman - Essay Example Howard Zinn’s portrayal of Emma is typical of his style. Zinn has the ability to depict history with a wit that is full of self-mocking humor. Zinn has invested his heroine Emma with all the fiery radicalism of her feminist, anarchist and free thinking ways. But all this militant posturing is toned down by revealing her honesty, nature, selflessness and courage, which make her heroics more believable. This also moves the play from a moralistic plane to one that educates. According to author Tom H. Hastings, the play shows the period of Goldmans "nonviolence and resistance to militarism", rather than her earlier "attachment to violent revolution". The first Act of the play deals with Emma’s youth, when she breaks away from the rigid conventions of her Orthodox Jewish family and enters New York. This is the city teeming with immigrants from scores of country, who colour the city with their unconventional lifestyle. It is in New York, that she meets Alexander Berkman, who was to remain her lover, as well as her comrade throughout her life. Apart from him, the play is peopled by others who helped Emma throughout her turbulent life. Helena, Emma’s sister, Dr. Ben Reitman, who is a physician with unconventional characteristics, Anna Minkin, a member from Emma’s commune, Fedya, another artist and commune member, Liz Beth, the prison muse and Emma’s sympathizer in the jail, who teaches Emma the art of being a muse and a midwife, and Vito, a worker in the sewers, are some of the other important members of the drama. This play is a document against the evil of sex discrimination and the inequality of wealth which Emma Goldman so vehemently protested throughout her life.

Management of Acute Post Operative Pain in a Clinical setting, by Assignment

Management of Acute Post Operative Pain in a Clinical setting, by third year nursing students - Assignment Example These reflections and observations are later assimilated and put into abstract concepts thus producing new implications for action which can be actively tested and in turn creating new experiences. In a clinical setting, instructors or teachers are expected to apply the four stage learning cycle which is a theory by Kolb. The four categories as stipulated by Kolb are concept experimentation (CE), reflective observation (RO), abstract conceptualization (AC) and lastly active experimentation (AE). Since the learning session is in sort of a discussion in a classroom, the teacher will be required to theoretically elaborate on the four stages or processes towards achieving knowledge (Kolb 2001). For instance the teacher would display an image showing how a doctor attends to a patient and the various processes that are carried out during the treatment procedure. If the learning session was practical, the students would be required to reflectively and keenly observe what the doctor is doing . This would in turn make them absorb any useful information from the experience and thus they would be in apposition to conceptualize the treatment procedure that they witnessed. ... Immediate of concrete experiences lead to observations as well as reflections. The following mentioned reflections are then internalized and translated into abstract concepts just like it has been elaborated thereon earlier, with implications for appropriate exercise which the student can actively experiment with. This further creates space for new experiences. Teaching with patients Teaching in a clinical setting or rather environment has the advantage of using real patients. This offers students some challenges but it requires close supervision so as toe ensure that the patients are in good condition. Students can in turn learn more from some patients than others. Patients chosen for teaching should be friendly, available and willing to talk and be in a position to accept examinations by students at the appropriate or stipulated time. They often feel that teaching students is a way of making some sort of sense of their illness or giving more information concerning their condition ( Petrie et al. 2009). Patients who may be willing to help the students learning process may have important information concerning their experiences of illness or have good, stable clinical signs. There should be no communication barriers unless the teacher is shedding light on how students should deal with communication difficulties from patients. Teaching with a patient may not only help students but may help their medical care; for instance if one wants a full history to be taken and recorded in the notes or consider an aspect of care which has not been explored before (Jarvis 1987). Patients are usually happy to take part in teaching sessions but it is

Dostoyevskys Underground Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dostoyevskys Underground Man - Essay Example Dostoyevsky’s Underground Man In the process of writing the novel, Dostoyevsky was much more concerned on remote ideals of European liberalism, because he did not believe in them anymore. In the beginning of his writing career, Dostoyevsky was a dreamer and an ideal romanticist. The ideas of utopian socialism inspired Dostoyevsky in his early writings. When he was in exile, these ideas vanished into thin air and he became more pragmatic and was focused not on the political principles, but on the ideas of an individual’s nature and the essence of a human being. The Irrationalism of the Underground Man Both the irrational and the rational exist in the human being. There is no need to discard the principles of irrationality, because it is another form of self-reflection. The Underground Man and his nature are close to any individual. A study of a disturbed mind and the existential nature of an individual was discussed by Dostoyevsky. The author managed to try his prey or the main characters of the novel in or der to show the limit of their rationality. Sometimes, in the situation of despair an individual becomes a piece of meat, which may be easily eaten by the stronger species. His heroes like being tortured and it is the way of their self-definition and self-expression. The same principles can be traced in existentialist philosophy, where individuals experience tortures in the name of tortures. It is a kind of exam for an inner world of an individual. The man’s irrational nature is dominant over his rational mind. In the Underground Man Dostoyevsky attacks human rationality, the ideas of materialism and utopianism. A man wants to gratify his self-will. The basic features of a hero of the Underground Man should be searched in his ability to be a typical, an ordinary man. Existentialists are focused on the nature of a man, his ability to proud of his inner emotions, both negative and positive. The way of an inner corruption is the means for self-analysis. The fundamental principle s of existentialism are reflected in the novel by Dostoyevsky. In order to comprehend his being, a man considers it more interesting, integrative and universal than outer world. Existentialists are not focused on logic, because actions taken by an individual are subjective and the responsibility for these actions is assigned for individuals only. There is more irrational in the actions of an individual and there is no point to consider human actions from the perspective of logic. The main character of the novel defines himself as a sick, depressed man and there is a need to find some remedy for him. Is there a need in it? That is really interesting question. The being, who is able to evaluate him critically, is the real individual. The main character of Dostoyevsky underlines his desire to identify him: â€Å"I did not know how to become anything; neither spiteful nor kind, neither a rascal nor an honest man, neither a hero nor an insect†) (Dostoevsky 1). Thus, one of the mai n principles of existentialism works in the novel. The main character also claims that despair and suffering are the greatest enjoyment for him, because he may feel them acutely. He realizes his hopelessness and he enjoys having a chance to identify himself. Despair is a wide road for self-identification. In case the main character manages to define him, he would be able to understand the essence of his being and also the directions of his future

Getting fired from jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting fired from jobs - Essay Example However, this is not true in some cases leading to the said employees having to struggle to keep up with the requirements of their job description after hiring. This is a leading cause as it puts the employer in a difficult position following this inability, of a highly decorated employee, to learn their jobs in or on time for productive working. In addition, the issue of bringing personal issues into work is not left out. This is following the potential that some workers have in their social lives in relation to their ability to socialize effectively and the inability to keep apart professionalism and personal issues. In light of this, personal issues may be brought through one of two or even both ways, which are gossip on other employees, or even bringing in personal differences with other employees to cause squabbles. These are solid grounds for dismissal as it affects the productivity of the employee in question and others that are involved in the personal differences. In addition, the interference of personal issues in the workplace may also occur through using business hours n the workplace to attend to personal issues. Such issues include family problems or even helping friends take care of their own problem. It may be a positive thing to help others or even take care of one’s own problems, but the negative point comes in when the employee cheats the employer of productive time through the same. For example, if an employee has marital problems with his or her husband or wife, it is only logical to attempt at correcting the problems for peace of mind. However, using time, which one is paid for by the employer and is meant for the benefit of the said employer, for personal gain is grounds enough for dismissal. The proper channel would be to go through the employer and ask for time off to sort out one’s personal issues before

Poverty in the U.S Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty in the U.S - Research Paper Example According to the United States Census Bureau, poverty levels are defined as less than $10,590 of annual income for a one-person household, less than $14,291 for a family of three, and less than $16,705 for a family of four. A family of nine or more people is considered to be in poverty if they have less than $40,085 in income for the year (Census, 2007). These income levels are just the government’s cut off line for considering a family to be in poverty. Most people in the United States earn more money than that in a given year. The average income for the whole United States is more than $50,000, but that average is figured using extremely rich people in the sample as well. Poor people experience unstable employment, stagnant or low wages, and lack perks and benefits (such as paid sick leave). Job training programs for people who live in poverty are supposed to help them find better paying and more stable employment. Unfortunately, the results of job training programs have been less than what case workers would have hoped. â€Å"One study found that two-thirds of individuals who left a low-wage service job for a job training program returned to† a similar low-wage service job at the end of training (Newman, 2006, 69). â€Å"Wages are not the only form of reward workers seek. Benefits are of great importance as well, and low-wage jobs are generally devoid of them,† Newman continues. In the low-wage employment world, it’s considered a â€Å"benefit† to get paid sick leave. People lose their jobs if they call in sick too often, and with young children at home, calling in sick is a necessity. Low-wage workers used to be able to depend on government programs to help make ends meet. Even if they were working, government benefits could help them stay afloat—not rise out of poverty, but at least try to keep from slipping further. Welfare reform changed that for many people living in poverty (Newman, 2006; Shipler, 2005). Welfare reform moved poor

COURSE REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COURSE REPORT - Essay Example In the writing of any work, acknowledgement of the source of material is necessary (Ng 93). Through the course teaching, I have come to have an in-depth understanding of how to cite in Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style. As a result, I was able to reflect on the mistakes I have made in previous assignment and how I could have avoided them. Since personal interview is a source of information, which could be used in writing an essay, its coverage in the course, provided me with more knowledge. There are numerous forms of writing, contract essay being included. The course gave an in depth analysis of writing intermediate level compressing contract essays. This was essential in the formation of my strong base, which will be very helpful in handling other levels of essays. In addition, the course gave an intensive coverage of grammar. This enhanced my sentence structure and word choice, which has continuously been reflected in my writings. In writing of any piece of work, not all views on a subject/idea are the same. As a result, it is usually necessary to take into consideration the opposing views, which usually give a new dimension of looking into issues. Through the course training, I got an understanding on how I would effectively write an opposing view. The contribution of the course to my personal and professional development cannot be neglected. It improved my grammar and citation proficiency as well as providing me with more knowledge on writing essays. As a result, I would to appreciate all persons who contributed to its successful delivery either directly or

Theme of religion in the Arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theme of religion in the Arab world - Essay Example Religions also should practice equality. In respect to the Muslim perspective all people are equal before the eyes of God. God created people equally and they should be treated equally. The poor should be helped by the rich and exploitation should not be practiced among religious people or the Muslims. In reference of the documentary, religious people should have original goodness. This means that people should practice goodness without being forced or pretending. Original goodness should be seen among religion with people helping each other without expecting repayment or compensation. Religions like Islam beliefs in one God who they regard as the creator of all things and the earth. Muslims belief and worship one God known as Allah who created mankind. The followers of religions set time to worship the Supreme Being. The devoted Muslim should adhere to the practices as required in the Quran. As the religions have a free choice principle, some people choose not to follow the practices while others follow keenly. Muslims belief that they should remain committed to religious teachings in order to receive blessings the Supreme

Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Financial Statement Essay The first issue to discuss is the four different types of financial statements and the use of each that a business will use. The second issue to discuss is what financial statements that an investor will review. The third issue to discuss is what financial statements a creditor will review. The fourth will be what financial statements that management within a company will review. The first financial statement is the income statement (Kimmel et al, 2009). The income states will show the success or the failure of a company’s operations for a certain period. The income statement will have the revenue the company will make, the expenses the company will spend, and the net income of the difference of each. The second financial statement is the retained earnings statement (Kimmel et al, 2009). Retained earnings mean the net income that is retained in the corporation. The statement will show the amount and the cause of changes that can occur in the retained earnings during a certain period. The period of both the retained earnings and the income statement have the same period. The information covered on the retained earnings would be the earnings from the month prior, add the net income, minus the dividends, and the outcome for the retained earnings for a certain month. The next financial statement would be the balance sheet (Kimmel et al, 2009). The use of the balance sheet is so a company can report the assets and the claims to the assets during a certain period. The claims to assets can be from two groups, the first would be the claims to creditors that would be the liabilities and the second would be the claims to owners that would be the stockholders equity. The basic accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity. Both sides of this equation must balance out. The last financial statement will be the statement of cash flows (Kimmel et al, 2009). The statement of cash flows will provide financial information about the cash receipts and payments of business for a certain period. The statement of cash flows will report the cash effects of the company’s expenses. Those expenses can be through the operating, investing, and financing activities. The statement of cash flows will also show the net increase or decrease in cash during a certain period. The statement will also show the amount of cash at the end of another period. The information found on the statement of cash flows will be the operating expenses, the investing expenses, the financing expenses, the net increase, the cash at the beginning and end of a period. Investors will view the income statement to see the future performance of a company (Kimmel et at, 2009). Creditors will view the income statement for loans. Creditors will also view the retained earnings statement and the balance sheet to see the ability for a company to repay debt. Management will view each financial statement to see the financial health of the company (Kimmel et al, 2009). Management can view the income statement to see if the company is a success or failure. The retained earnings statement to see how much income will return to the company. The balance sheet to see how much cash is on hand for certain needs and to ensure there is a satisfactory proportion of debt to common stock. The statement of cash flows to see the entire picture of what is going on within the company financially. In conclusion, the highlight of the four different types of financial statements and the use of each that a business will use. The highlight of the financial statements an investor will review for the company. The highlight of the financial statements a creditor will review for the company. The highlight of which financial statements the management of the company will review for the organization.

Indigenous Australians

Indigenous Australians Introduction Indigenous Australians are scattered across the nation. As of 2006, there are around 517,000 indigenous Australians living in the country out of a total population of around 21 million (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Because of the variety of climate, vegetation and availability of resources in various parts of Australia, indigenous Australians usually move about in bands for protection and mobility. According to the Encyclopedia Brittanica (1980, p.428) this pattern of nomadic existence basically did not change until the arrival of European settlers beginning in 1788. The subsequent interaction and eventual conflict between the two cultures caused major changes in the indigenous Australians culture. Their social organisations were eroded primarily due to population shifts and the attempt to assimilate them into Western society. The latter include the controversial adoption methods when thousands of indigenous Australian children were taken away from their families to be edu cated in Western style schools during the 19th century. Aborigines were also forced to flee constant European influx into their homelands, marked by clashes during the â€Å"pacification campaign† of the 1880s. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.429) Beginning in 1965, the Australian government eventually changed this policy to integration in a multi-ethnic commonwealth. This was in response to protests by human rights activists and the indigenous Australians themselves complaining against centuries-long discrimination by European settlers. From the 1970s onwards, the Australian government had given Aborigines more self determination rights in governing their affairs especially those among living in indigenous communities. However, despite the granting of more rights to indigenous Aborigines, many experts pointed that social problems such as unemployment, alcoholism and suicide rates still remain a primary concern among the indigenous Australians. This is connected to the fact that many indigenous Australians have migrated to cities especially since the 1970s to look for job opportunities Taylor (2006, p3). General concept of kinship Indigenous Australians, either from both inland and coastal areas have three main features characterizing their social organizations and culture: food gathering tribes are small and mostly depend on gathering-hunting activities, b) members must cooperate with each other for survival and c.) religion plays an important role in the lives of indigenous Australians (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.424). It is generally agreed upon by anthropologists that at the macro-level, the social structure of indigenous Australians, before the coming of Europeans, was based on the following in descending order: tribe, moieties, semi-moieties, sections, sub-sections, and clans. Anthropological studies have concluded that indigenous Australians use this distinction of tribes into sub-groups as a means to govern marriage and social interaction. At the micro-level, indigenous Aborigines classify themselves into local descent groups and hordes which each indigenous Australian identified himself with at the local level. Descent groups are formed by a grouping of individuals claiming patrilineal descent from a common ancestor and practicing exogamous marriages, Hordes, on the other hand, are formed by individuals who gather together for a specific â€Å"business† purpose (Encyclopedia Britannica 1980, 428). Kinship has been defined in various ways by anthropologists. Goudelier, (1998 as cited in Dousett 2001) termed kinship is a â€Å"huge field of social and mental realities stretching between two poles.† In between, Goudelier added, kinship covers abstract and concrete concepts: the abstract aspect covers the various rules and regulations covering interpersonal relationships. As for the concrete aspect, kinship covers the titles used in referring to persons connected to kinship relationships. Meanwhile, Stone (1997 as cited in Dousett 2001) describes kinship as the â€Å"recognition of relationships† between persons according to descent or marriage. Tonkinson (1991 as cited in Dousett 2001) finds kinship as a wide network of relationships, no two of which are related to each other. Dousett (2002) termed kinship as the â€Å"set of norms, rules, institutions and cognitive recognitions† used in referring to inborn or future social relationships of a person and is ad dressed through a specific â€Å"biological idiom† Unlike in the Western concept, kinship among indigenous Australians extends beyond an individuals connection with blood relatives. Tonkinson (1991 cited in Dousett (2001) added that kinship is important in small societies such as those of the indigenous Australians because it defines interpersonal behavior among individuals, compliance of which is essential for a groups survival. Kinship networks also play a role in resource sharing among indigenous Australians. There is an inherent tradition among them that each individual have to share their resources with each other especially in times of need. Schwab and Liddle (1997) pointed out that this is quantified by limitations on when an individual may share or may refuse to share depending on the sharers capacity to give. But both the sharer and the receiver must keep in mind the social implications of their actions on their clans kinship ties, Schwab and Liddle added (1997). Dousett (2002) also mentioned that Aboriginal concept of kinsh ip is different from the Western concept. While the â€Å"Euro-American† concept of kinship is based on direct lineage of an individual to other persons within his community, by contrast indigenous Australians consider kinship also covers relationships based on business transactions. In addition, indigenous Australian kinship serves also as a social control because it also defines how an individual plays a role in society in relation with other members even those who are not of his same lineage. In fact, familial terms (â€Å"father,† â€Å"mother†) can also refer to other older members of the descent group, or clan which an individual may belong. However, kinship terms serves not only as titles for respect but also serves as â€Å"behavioral signals which mark what an individual can or cannot do with regard to personal relationships and expectations of sexual access. This means kinship terms are a vital part in determining the marriage and socialization of ind ividual young members In addition these terms also signify which person can be considered as a spouse or affine (a relative by marriage). Doulett cites Henry Lewis Morgan, an American lawyer-anthropologist, explanation on how indigenous Australian societies kinship systems work. Morgan (1877, 1871 in Doulett 2000) had earlier described in the 19th century that indigenous Australian kinship systems are classificatory. This is because Australian Aborigines consider all persons within a community as related to each other in various ways. Morgan also said that the Australian Aborigines kinship system reflects the initial stages of evolution changes in human society. From the banding together of two or more individuals, this eventually grew into a tribal organization where intermarriage was common, toward the eventual development of a city state. In this evolutionary phase, the Aboriginal kinship system was in the second stage. Socialization, social control: Anthropologists have mentioned that kinship restriction and rules are already visible even during childhood socialization. Aborigine parents train children to socialize with fellow age-group members, and at the same time train them already in the ways of the tribe (e.g. food gathering and hunting.) Young girls went with their mothers to collect food, while young boys were compelled to learn hunting by their own. However, there are certain restrictions in how the children interact with other persons. For instance, brothers and sisters would play separately from each other, while â€Å"mothers-in-law† and â€Å"sons in law† would not play together. (the latter would apply when a young man groomed to marry a female is compelled to live in the camp of his pairs family. ) (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.426). In terms of authority, leadership is based on the scope of an elders kinship network. Hence, for more complex matters, such as arbitration in disputes, elders of a clan gather together to discuss and reach a consensus over these issues. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.427). However, kinship systems do not restrict social mobility when it comes to social classes or strata. While there is a hierarchy where young Aborigines have to pass as they learn various skills, indigenous Australian society as a whole allows individuals to excel in religious and economic affairs primarily through their own efforts and skills. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 1980, p.427). Kinship and marriage Marriage among indigenous Australians cements the role of kinship as more than just linking personal relationships between and among members of a moietie, clan or tribe. It serves also as a kind of social negotiation between one unit with another on virtually all social matters ranging from arranging future marriages between the clans members and transaction of barter trades. Marriage between two individuals also reaffirms ties between groups which already have preordained tasks and obligations even before the marriage is consummated formally. Indigenous Australians have also used marriage to compel the other clan to provide spouses for future marriages. This may explain why the practice in some moiety to compel its members to marry a member from another particular moiety. Houseman (2007) had said in his study that â€Å"Marriage is a product of social constructs.† To elaborate further, marriage is also linking other individuals together by virtue of linking the bride and the groom in a socially sanctified wedding ritual. These individuals, because they are related either to the bride and groom, are by implication, now related also through affinity. This linkage is based on what anthropologists have enunciated as the intertwining of kinship ties and marriage ties. With regard to this remark on marriage, Houseman explored in his study how indigenous Australians construct and maintain marriage networks as a form of promoting social stability among themselves. In his study, Houseman theorized that indigenous Australians practice marriage as a confluence of various social and personal factors and that marriages are interlinked through a circular pattern from core marriages to outer marriages. He also distinguishes some marriage determinants, which include: â€Å"deliminated marriage network,† â€Å"core of deliminated marriage network,† â€Å"matrimonial community,† and â€Å"connobium.† Houseman (2007) defines deliminated marriage network as a web of relationships extracted from a larger grouping and is formed by the confluence of tribe-and clan-based perspectives on marriage. This means that from a particular community or clan, there is a specific network from which all persons related to the couple to be married are connected in some way. On the other hand, â€Å"core of deliminated marriage networks comprises of genealogical circuits of the â€Å"reconnected marriage,† meaning these are lineages among individuals which have been re-linked with the marriage of two individual Aborigines. The determinant â€Å"matrimonial community pertains to the set of non- intermarrying individuals who are related to each other through core marriages. Springing from this concept is the connobium which refers to the connection of non-intermarrying individuals to each other through multiple core marriages. However, Aboriginal moieties and clans do not intermarry just because they have to maintain close ties with each other Houseman (2007). Evidence suggested by previous research suggest that moieties and clans intermarry with other tribal sub-units because that these groups can be relied upon in maintaining the land, guarding it from intrusion by other groups, are able to share knowledge about the land, and that they can perform certain rituals according to specific occasions. Kinship after colonization; contemporary times The onslaught of modern ideas due to colonization and Westernization has wrought major changes in indigenous Australians culture. Experts noted that the destruction or even at least alteration of kinship networks has left many individual Aborigines grappling with culture shock Those who may not have been able to adjust well to the realities of modern Australian life have resorted to alcoholism, and suicide as desperate attempts to escape their problems, studies have shown. Studies by Daly and Smith (1997) and Hunter and Gray(1999) cited figures showing that indigenous Australians suffer higher rates of poverty and at the lower end of the income gap with non-Aboriginal Australians even as recent as the 1990s. One factor which affected the kinship systems of Australian indigenous peoples is the fact that many if not most of them already been intermixed with European blood. In addition they may have been heavily influenced by the Western culture that they encounter in the cities. As mentioned early in this essay, beginning in the 19th century many Aborigines have either moved from their homelands in search of jobs or were forced to flee European incursion into their lands. In fact until the 1990s, many Australian cities saw continued influx of indigenous Australians even as these cities also reported net migration losses.(Taylor, 2006 p.63) Hence many of the indigenous Australians were either the products of interracial marriage or had intermarried into European families (as in the case of African-Americans in the United States during the slave trade-era.). In addition as the indigenous Australians moved in the cities they had to deal with a different culture system where the emphasis is on individual excellence. But since they are away from their ancestral lands, they also lacked support systems, both in terms of providing material and emotional assistance, whenever they encounter problems in finding jobs, places to live. etc. Another more profound determinant in the alteration of Aborigine social systems is the compelled enrollment of Aborigine children to schools (especially the ones who were adopted by White families). Because the curriculum of these schools are centered on European culture, many Aborigine children tend to be assimilated by intensely studying European-style subjects and the English language. As a result, they have to uproot themselves from the traditional way of life and culture that they had experienced in their tribes. A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction Layton (2007) revealed many aspects on modern-day problems at the end of the 20th century in his review of the book Aboriginal Suicide is Different: A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction. While reviewing the 2005 book by Colin Tatz, Layton discussed some factors behind Aborigines suicides even though medical research concluded that there were no considerable patterns of mental illnesses among them distinctive from Australias general population. Layton added that overall rates for unemployment, drug abuse, and alcoholism were similar for both Aboriginal and non Aboriginal populations, so this would not factor likely as the root cause behind the suicide rates among Aborigines. He said that this may be explained by the fact that during the 1980s, the social organization of many Aboriginal tribes and clans had been destroyed by the intrusion of modern culture and also by government policies of allowing Aborigines to depend on state sponsored welfare. Layton, quoting Tatz as suggesting that Aborigines be given more literacy training, â€Å"personal empowerment,† highlighting positive roles of Aborigines in community development etc . Meanwhile Wooten (2002, p. 78) believed that the reason behind continued poverty among Aborigines is that the policy of self-determination, enunciated in the 1980s, has only worsened the dependency of many indigenous Australians on the federal and state governments. He recommends that the government instead concentrate on training Aborigines in adjusting to the realities and problems of modern living. To explain his point, Wooten used the metaphor of prison camp to highlight Australias situation on Aborigines According to the anthropology professor, while the prisoners were supposed to have been freed since they federal government grant self determination to them in the 1980s, the policy may have proved to be a motivation for many â€Å"prisoners (ie Aborigines) to remain inside the â€Å"prison.† What he suggests is that he government train the Aborigines to eventually get out of the â€Å"prison.† In addition, he commented that organizations founded by the government and private sector to help alleviate the widespread poverty among Aborigines should a.) be judged according to their performance and not because no indigenous Australians were reportedly sitting inside; while b) their shortcomings in supporting the indigenous Australians should not be overseen With renewed attempts among many Aborigines to reclaim their heritage, aside from seeking damages due to the â€Å"assimilation† policy,† there also arises the need for Aborigines to once again study their clan or tribes kinship systems. Doulet (2002) also mentioned that there is a need for indigenous Australians to know more about the kinship systems of their particular tribe or clan (whatever may be the case), especially if they want to regain ancestral land which were seized by European settlers during the 19th century. This is because modern legal jurisprudence demands that claimants must know about the size and legal details of the property in dispute for them to be able to back up their claims stronger. Based from the findings of these three anthropology experts, this writer opines that a) European colonisation and the subsequent implementation of the â€Å"assimilation† policy did considerably damage the indigenous Australians kinship systems Because each tribes kinship system had a relatively small scope covering only certain number of moieties, groups, clans, these were not able to withstand changes wrought by the arrival of the Europeans: population losses, expulsion from ancestral lands, introduction of new kinds of work, Europeanization. As we have seen, the indigenous Australians kinship system relies mainly on personalistic ties between clans, as shown in the use of marriage to bind two separate groups. On the other hand, it is to the credit of the Australian government that major policy changes have been made with regard to indigenous Australians. From the 1965 decree allowing Aborigines to choose if they want to be assimilated to the 1980s order giving self determination among them until the present day system of training them for capacity development through government funded organizations, the federal and state governments have been trying to make up for two centuries of racial discrimination. This writer agrees, however, that the Aborigines themselves must also help themselves in integrating into Australian society. They may actively participate in the abovementioned training programs in order to develop their skills. Or they eventually join the organisations running those programs so that they can have a greater voice in decision-making processes which concern their welfare. But it is important also that the Aborigines, especially the educated ones, should revisit the kinship networks of their clans to see if they can still be readjusted in line with contemporary developments. This is because while the indigenous Australians are, theoretically, integrated into a multi-ethnic society, still they have a unique culture which they cannot discard in the name of cosmopolitanism. Conclusion This essay has shown the various factors influencing indigenous Australians kinship systems, how the latter affect the social and economic aspects of daily living and how these has changed in the past centuries This essay has also pointed out that both the federal government and the indigenous Australians play important roles in mitigating damages caused by colonisation on indigenous Australian kinship networks. Primary References: 1.Book 1980 Australian Aboriginal Cultures chapter in Encyclopedia Brittanica, pp.424-429 2.Journals Layton, R., 2007. Aboriginal Suicide is Different: A Portrait of Life and Self Destruction. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol.13. Houseman, M.1997. Marriage Networks among Australian Aboriginal Populations Australian Aboriginal Studies, vol.1997. Wooten H. 2002. Indigenous Futures: Choices and Development for Aboriginer and Islander Australian Aboriginal Studies, vol. 2002, p.78. Websites Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2009 Population Distribution, Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islanders Australians [Online] Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/ProductsbyCatalogue/14E7A4A075D53A6CCA2569450007E46C?OpenDocument [Accessed 25 July 2009]. Daly, A. Smith, D 1997 Indigenous sole parents: Invisible and disadvantaged [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/1997DP134.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Dousset, L. 2002 Introduction to Australian Indigenous Social Organizations (Hitting the headlines article). [Online] Available at: http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php[Accessed 25 July 2009]. Dousset, L. 2001 What is Kinship?: A collection of quotes (Hitting the headlines article). [Online] Available at: http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php[Accessed 25 July 2009]. Hunter, B., Gray, M 1999 Income fluctuations over the lifecycle: A cohort analysis of indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 1986-96 [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/1999DP183.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Schwab, J., Liddle, L (ed.)1997 Principles and Implications of Aboriginal Sharing [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/briefs/1997IB17.php [Accessed 26 July 2009]. Taylor, J. 2006 Population and diversity: Policy implications of emerging indigenous demographic trends [Online] Available at: http://www.anu.edu.au/caepr/Publications/DP/2006DP283.php [Accessed 26 July 2009].

Stepladder of Evolution in Picasso’s Acrobat’s Family with a Monkey Ess

Stepladder of Evolution in Picasso’s Acrobat’s Family with a Monkey In Picasso’s "Acrobat’s Family with a Monkey", the stepladder like orientation of characters demonstrates an evolutionary procession. At the top of the ladder sits the father, a high and mighty figure, like that of King Arthur. He towers above his family as if a king on a throne, looking down upon his royal subjects. He is the sole ruler and therefore must set himself apart from them. This is reflected in the position of his arms, which he keeps close to his body, like the independent child who refuses to hold his mother's hand when crossing the street. Even his manner of dress holds a stately aura. The yellow hat upon his head is golden and pointy similar to that of a royal crown worn by the great rulers of the past. The fringes on his costume surround his neck like the golden mane of a fearsome lion, king of the jungle. The leotard, itself, is an almost fleshy tone like soft peaches in the summer. It reminds one of an acrobat in costume during his death-defying tightrope act, high above the audience. His shoes, however, are thin and black like a bat in the night, contrasting sharply with the rest of the colors of the painting. It were as if they are demanding the well-deserved attention they have earned in all the effort it had taken them to get to the top. Yet, he looks down at the child with great hope, as would a king to his newborn successor, who would follow in his footsteps, performing great deeds to society and loved by all his people. It is also a look of unconditional love that cannot dissipate even if the child were to accidentally burn their house down or fall on top of him, breaking a few ribs in the process. On the next step is the mot... ...tates. At the bottom of the rung, rests the monkey who is lower than all of the other characters in the painting both socially and evolutionarily. He is like the serfs on a feudal manner who are expected to do the bidding of their master and unable to leave. The monkey’s lack of clothing and ignorance thereof also contributes to his subordination, thereby making him less powerful than humans. The lack of clothing is similar to the condition of Adam and Eve before they ate the apple. Their eating the apple allowed them to realize their nakedness, thus elevating them to an unignorant state. His contentment towards this disposition further exemplifies the blissful nature of his ignorance. Picasso’s spatial positioning deliberately portrays the position of each member of society and their respective roles in the hierarchy of social order and evolutionary theory.

Proposition 187: Dont Mess With Texas :: essays research papers

Proposition 187: Don't Mess With Texas In November of 1994, Californians passed the most controversial piece of state legislation this decade. Proposition 187 was designed to stem the flow of illegal aliens into California by withholding all non-emergency medical benefits from non-naturalized citizens. Latinos turned out in record numbers to voice their disapproval, and for good reason too. The health care resolutions of Proposition 187 were products of poor reason and unsound economic judgment. The resolutions did not get the state any closer to a balanced budget, and only served to worsen the health care outlook for the future of California. It is clear that Proposition 187 was a mistake, and should not be encouraged to be repeated in Texas. The most popular reason for passage, that supporters of Proposition 187 used, was the theory that a cut in illegal health services would save state taxpayers several million dollars a year. This argument only applies to states that have a personal income tax, often used to help fund health care for the state, and when the illegal immigrants avoid paying this tax. Texas does not have such a tax, so health care is funded by the taxes that everyone in the state pays. That means that illegal aliens are paying just as much as "real Americans" are in sales taxes, gas taxes, liquor taxes, and cigarette taxes. For example, illegal aliens in San Diego, California accounted for 26.6 million dollars in health care costs in 1994 (Serb 63). Not a single person would deny that this is a lot of money, and therefore would seem to be an excellent reason to cut funding right this minute. However, the logical person has to realize how important those same aliens are to filling the state's excise tax coffers each year. Excise taxes paid by ‘illegals' were accounting for up 60.5 million in state tax alone (63). In retrospect, it hardly seems right to say that illegal immigrants are not paying their fair tax share for their health needs. It also isn't fair that "U.S. businesses need Mexican workers for low-paying jobs, but don't want them to have access to heath care while they are here" (Hudson 37). Another economically based reason, that proponents of 187-like legislation have made, is that Texans will save money by denying non-emergency care to illegal aliens. Without close scrutiny, this seems to be a claim to make the pocket book happy. After all, we would still allow the ‘aliens' the right to life saving treatments, but we would also save a bundle by cutting the little visits to the doctor for fevers, colds, and sprained ankles.

Comparing Nietzsche and Schopenhauers Attitudes Towards Life Essay

Comparing Nietzsche and Schopenhauer's Attitudes Towards Life ABSTRACT: On the basis of his metaphysics, Schopenhauer was led to advocate quietism and resignation as attitudes toward life. In the course of his career, Nietzsche reversed his estimation of Schopenhauer from initial agreement to final excoriation. In what follows, I examine and assess the grounds on which Nietzsche revised his opinion of Schopenhauer as educator of humanity. I argue that three fundamental issues divide Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. The first concerns the eliminability of human suffering. The second regards the value of sympathy to those who feel rather than are recipients of this sentiment. The third is the value of cultivating indifference to the suffering of others. Schopenhauer considers suffering as inextricably bound up with human existence, whereas Nietzsche views suffering as a sign of weakness that is ultimately eliminable from human existence. Schopenhauer assumed that sympathy and compassion have a benign effect upon those who experience these emotions; Ni etzsche maintains they have the opposite effect. Contra Nietzsche, Schopenhauer deplores the cultivation of indifference towards the suffering of others. I defend Schopenhauer against Nietzsche on all three issues, though I argue that Schopenhauer exaggerates the ubiquity of human suffering and hence the need and desirability of the cultivation of self-denial. 1. Nietzsche's Revaluation of Schopenhauer On the basis of his metaphysics, Schopenhauer was led to advocate quietism and resignation as an attitude to life. As is well known, Nietzsche held Schopenhauer's views on this and other matters in far higher esteem at the start of his intellectual career than he did at its end. To... ..., Friedrich (1965), Schopenhauer as Educator, trans. J.W. Hillesheim and Malcolm R. Simpson, (South Bend, Indiana, Gateway), pp. 25-26 (2) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1968), Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), pp.79-80 (3) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p.75 (4) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p.88 (5) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p. 88 (6) Mill, John Stuart (1962), Utilitarianism, (ed.) M.Warnock, (Glasgow, Collins), p.26. (7) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1968), Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), pp.118-119. (8) Schopenhauer, Arthur (1965), On the Basis of Morality, trans. E. F. J. Payne, (Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill), pp. 211-212. (9) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1969), Thus Spoke Zarathrustra, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), p.103.

Finance 3220 Problem Set 1

What is the present value of $150,000 to be received 8 years from today if the discount rate is 11 percent? Question 1 options: | A)|   $65,088. 97| | B)|   $71,147. 07| | C)|   $74,141. 41| | D)|   $79,806. 18| | E)|   $83,291. 06 | Question 2 (2 points) According to the Rule of 72, you can do which one of the following? Question 2 options: | A)|   double your money in five years at 7. 2 percent interest| | B)|   double your money in 7. 2 years at 8 percent interest| | C)|   double your money in 8 years at 9 percent interest| | D)|   triple your money in 7. years at 5 percent interest| | E)|   triple your money at 10 percent interest in 7. 2 years  | Question 3 (2 points) On your ninth birthday, you received $300 which you invested at 4. 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Your investment is now worth $757. How old are you today? Question 3 options: | A)|   age 29| | B)|   age 30| | C)|   age 31| | D)|   age 32| | E)|   age 33| Question 4 (2 poin ts) You just received a $5,000 gift from your grandmother. You have decided to save this money so that you can gift it to your grandchildren 50 years from now.How much additional money will you have to gift to your grandchildren if you can earn an average of 8. 5 percent instead of just 8 percent on your savings? Question 4 options: | A)|   $47,318. 09| | B)|   $52,464. 79| | C)|   $55,211. 16| | D)|   $58,811. 99| | E)|   $60,923. 52 | Question 5 (2 points) Shelley won a lottery and will receive $1,000 a year for the next ten years. The value of her winnings today discounted at her discount rate is called which one of the following? Question 5 options: | A)|   single amount| | B)|   future value| | C)|   present value| D)|   simple amount| | E)|   compounded value | Question 6 (2 points) Andy deposited $3,000 this morning into an account that pays 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Barb also deposited $3,000 this morning into an account that pays 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Andy will withdraw his interest earnings and spend it as soon as possible. Barb will reinvest her interest earnings into her account. Given this, which one of the following statements is true? Question 6 options: | A)|   Barb will earn more interest the first year than Andy will. | B)|   Andy will earn more interest in year three than Barb will. | | C)|   Barb will earn interest on interest. | | D)|   After five years, Andy and Barb will both have earned the same amount of interest. | | E)|   Andy will earn compound interest. | Question 7 (2 points) You invested $1,650 in an account that pays 5 percent simple interest. How much more could you have earned over a 20-year period if the interest had compounded annually? Question 7 options: | A)|   $849. 22| | B)|   $930. 11| | C)|   $982. 19| | D)|   $1,021. 15| | E)|   $1,077. 94 | Question 8 (2 points)A year ago, you deposited $30,000 into a retirement savings account at a fixed rate of 5. 5 percent. Today, you could earn a fixed rate of 6. 5 percent on a similar type account. However, your rate is fixed and cannot be adjusted. How much less could you have deposited last year if you could have earned a fixed rate of 6. 5 percent and still have the same amount as you currently will when you retire 38 years from today? Question 8 options: | A)|   $2,118. 42 less| | B)|   $3,333. 33 less| | C)|   $5,417. 09 less| | D)|   $7,274. 12 less| | E)|   $9,234. 97 less  |Question 9 (2 points) You are investing $100 today in a savings account at your local bank. Which one of the following terms refers to the value of this investment one year from now? Question 9 options: | A)|   future value| | B)|   present value| | C)|   principal amounts| | D)|   discounted value| | E)|   invested principal | Question 10 (2 points) One year ago, you invested $1,800. Today it is worth $1,924. 62. What rate of interest did you earn? Question 10 options: | A)|   6. 59 percent| | B)|   6. 67 percent| | C)|   6. 88 percent| | D)|   6. 92 percent| | E)|   7. 01 percent |

Insight on Macro Economics

Question 1: financial globalization Over the years since World War 2 we have seen economists battle on the idea for and against of financial globalization. The topic had been there during previous years but not much attention was paid into it, it only attracted attention after the effects of World War 2 let to social unification. This is idea suggests that all the countries of the world should unite economically by setting up a global financial institution to standardize al the economic activities of the world. The pros and cones have laid out with case studies on regional bodies and domestic financial institutions being cited to back up various claims that take different stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff acknowledged that if the world would be a better place if it had a global financial institution. Even with this in mind, they never failed to say that the idea is a pipe dream as there are many economic, social and political variables round it. Unifying all the three factors would be daunting even from the onset and it would be a miracle if the unification worked. They stated that even if all odds were beaten and the institution was formed; developing countries would end up losing market and money as the developed countries would exploit them. The two agreed that if formed, the international institution would be more successful as it will have many investors from developing countries and be disbursing high return interest loans to developed countries for them to invest in developing countries. Professor Kling agrees with the two economists up to the point that formation of a global financial institution is an imaginary (Lawrence-2001) object but takes a turn on the point that the institution would be more successful. Kling argues that economic problems domestic institutions face are the exact one the global institution will face but a larger and much devastating state.If a crisis arises, the international institution would cut the money it loans and raise the interests on the money. This would not be harsh stance as just like any business, the institution would want to grow its profit base and reduce risks. Developing countries that would by then be so dependant to the institution will be affected terribly as the probability of their economies collapsing would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all agree with this theory and each of them made reference to the behavior of the international monetary fund when an economic crisis arises. Benefits that the international institution will pass to the global community fixed. It would quickly restore liquidity if asked to because it would have a perpetual stability and flow of cash. Making available long term loans will be an easy task for the institution (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the merits of an international as all countries will be operating under the same economic laws. Diversifying the market base will be another benefit as there will be numerous markets for different goods. Note; the previous statement will work if the global community allows production specialization policy to work. All these benefits have been agreed to by Mishkin and Rogof but Kling refutes the point that loans will be available to all countries. He says that is an impractical suggestion. There are elaborate disadvantages of the international institution if it is formed. Huge disparities in economic growth would be inevitable. We would see developing countries grow in economy as the developing counties would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The institution will cause an increase of taxes globally incase an economic bomb explodes and its liquidity goes down. The institution will kill productivity of small countries if it does not make policies that facilitate the smooth transfer of technology from developed to developing countries. Most of the skilled and unskilled labor force in developed countries will be left jobless as their companies will prefer manufacturing products in less developed countries that have low wage payouts.Question B1: contrast on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are profound economists that have made phenomenal economic revelations and added spice to works of Meynerd Keynes. Their insight on transmission mechanism is what staged their professionalism and expertise in the field of economics. They have divergent and convergent views relating to the topic; let us analyze them. The similarity they hold is that they both support the use of short term interest rates and investment on short term high return bonds and securities to propel economic growth, better known as financial market price review (taylor-1995). They say this is the only way the American banks maintain their liquidity. They also agree that how money is transferred between accounts and the number of times it circulates should be increased so as to maximize its efficiency; this is known as limited participation (tobin-1969). Credit view is one of the clashing points between the two professionals; Taylor fully supports the policy but Lucas admonishes it. Taylor advocates for unison change in lending rate policies among banks as Lucas stands for free financial flowing activities. Question B2: not what they had in mindKlings books explains a chronological order of events that led to the 2007/2008 financial crises that left many big companies bankrupt and with large debts, this is the year in united states history that stock prices shot and the exchange market remained shocked. He states that it is also a year to be remembered as there was widespread public outcry because people were being kicked out of their mortgages (kling-2009). It depicts how the bad economic policies made by previous governments led to the catastrophic time. He compares the laws of the times from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the policies were changed but that that could not save or salvage the 2008 disruption from taking place. The title highlights that the thoughts that were behind the previous policy makers did not come to be as they made poor economic judgments. The general idea is that the policies be changed and that companies customize the laws according to their own needs to avoid a scenario similar to the 2007/2008 one. The book gives insights and acts as a wake up to the policy makers, the banking and insurance companies and the general public; main consumers.Mr Kling urged the public to come up with innovations that would help cruise through bad economic times like the one in 2007/2008. He also urges the government to thoroughly scrutinize bills before passing them into laws as they would turn to be harmful in future times. He made the previous as a sig to acknowledge that economic forces are not static and they require revision from time to time. Here he lay an example that innovation would help reduce future effects as they did by helping quash the Glass-Stealgall act of 1933 (krugman-2002). The act prohibited interstate banking and also outlawed the merging of investment and commercial banks. Many economists including Kling said that the policy makers of that time passed the act as they thought that if banks were allowed to operate nationally they would be more powerful than other federal agencies. They also thought that merging of banks would create a monopoly and catalyze an economic breakdown.By equity finance; financial institutions would be reducing the economic burden by sharing risks. Kling sees this method work more efficiently if financial institutions merge. He also adds the money to be placed in the investment should be given I bits. This will allow the institution to study the market as the venture grows, in case they notice a downward or predict a loss the company can always pull out of the deal safely. This method has fewer sets of threats to loss than giving out all the cash for investment in one bit. Equity he says will prevent a coming from running out of liquidity. If the investment return is high, an institution can always remain in service even if it is funding different projects from different parties. In his introduction Mr Kling named bad bets and excessive leverage to be among the four practices financial institutions engaged in that led to the crisis. Prior to 2008 many lenders would typically really on institution credit scores before giving out loans; if they noticed that the borrower had good scores they would not hesitate giving him the loan in one sum. They did this even before assessing investment they were funding. The financial institutions would later come back to collect the money or claim the property, this is what led to the collapse of minor banks in the US. In his analysis if the matter he states that equity finance can help counter this effect as institutions that use it will save money and reduce the risk of becoming bankrupt by 40%. It is the excessive bets placed on none return investments that lead to excessive leverage. He structures the equity funding policy as a way of keeping the financial institutions in check with their investments. The actions that I would propose to the state is; creation of a federal body that will be mandated to assess the market viability of projects and investment opportunities. This body should then approve and certify that the project is truly worth the money requested in the quotation. I also recommend that banks be more open with their liquidity information and hand it over to the body that certifies projects. After certification the body will now recommend the project owner to an institution with that kind of money. This action will save many banks from collapse as many of them succumb to greed; bad bets.ReferencesBook written by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity crisis; analysis and complications for public policyBook written by A Lawrence in 2001International financial crisis; causes prevention and curesOnline Article from the new York times newspaperhttps;//www.nytimes/2002/08/02/opinion/duby-s-double-dip.htmlBook written by professor Kling'Not what they thought'Book written by Tobin in 1968 and published in 1969Theory of investmentBook written by Ando in 1958 and published in 1963'The life cycle theory of consumption'

Multinationals Advantages and Disadvantages

Multinational business relies on its imports and exports around the world. Factories may be set up in different areas of the world and have their business based on the import and export of raw materials, which is what is done by most of them.Developing countries can gain more from multinationals since they help increase labor and its opportunities, which then means that the average income of a person will increase allowing them to spend more and lead a better life-style, which helps the tax bases to increase due to people wanting to spend more, often on things they could not afford earlier, and if the tax base increase, the government will be able to supply more for their people and give better health support, better education and help the country to develop more.This could also help in stabilizing the economic system, and increasing the GDP and GNP. International firms that are implanted in developing countries will also help in educating part of the population by teaching the emplo yees the skills required for the job, making it a greater number of educated people. However, multinationals do not always have a good impact on the global business environment, especially in developed countries, as outsourcing to developing countries is happening which causes for jobs to be lost in developed countries and thus, making the average income lower.Also, small businesses do not benefit from this as they are dominated by the multinationals and their brand names. Their impact on our environment is not good, as they produce a lot of waste products, which are not always recycled or used properly, especially in smaller, less developed countries as the laws and restrictions are not always applied.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

IntroductionThroughout history, our conceptualization of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has been changing alongside changes in the way we have viewed the world. With the dawning of the Renaissance in Western Europe, religious explanations based on demonic possession were superseded by a more humanistic understanding. By the early seventeenth century, the obsessions that drove Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth to suicide were recognized to be a product of her guilty mind, for which there was no medical cure.Obsessions and compulsions were first described in the medical literature of the early nineteenth century. They were viewed as an unusual expression of melancholia. By the beginning of the twentieth century, with the development of psychoanalysis, the focus shifted onto psychological explanations based on unconscious conflicts, but this did not provide a useful strategy for treatment. The subsequent application of learning theory to OCD led to the development of effective behavioural treatments in the 1960s and 1970s.Compared with the pace of these historical developments, modern understanding of OCD has expanded with dramatic speed. The development of effective medical treatments of OCD has revolutionized the outlook for sufferers and propelled OCD to the forefront of scientific attention. With the growth of research into the epidemiology, psychopharmacology, neurobiology, neuropsychology and genetics of OCD, reviewed throughout this publication, the emphasis has once again swung back toward a medical model. As we enter the twenty-first century, we now recognize OCD as a common, treatable form of major mental disorder.After the pioneering epidemiological catchment area (ECA) studies carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health in the early 1980s reported that the prevalence of OCD was substantially higher than expected, (Robins, Holzer, & Weissman, 1984) repeated population studies using similar methods have demonstrated a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% worldwide (Weissman, Bland & Canino, 1994).   Taiwan and India were the only exceptions, with rates below 1%. If these estimates are accurate, then OCD affects more than 50 million people in the world today. The prevalence does not appear to be influenced by socioeconomic status, educational achievement, or ethnicity. The disorder is more common than schizophrenia, and about half as common as depression. Yet the illness remains largely under-recognized, and the psychosocial and economic costs to society from untreated OCD are high (Hollander, & Wong, 1998).   It is not surprising that the World Health Organization has now recognized OCD as a public health priority.While there is little doubt that the ‘hidden epidemic' of OCD exists, the actual prevalence of clinically relevant disorder has been called into question. In the ECA studies lay interviewers were trained to make DSM-III diagnoses using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). However, clinical reappraisal of DIS -positive cases resulted in less than 25% continuing to meet the criteria for OCD (Nelson & Rice, 1997).One explanation is that the rates of illness reported in the original ECA studies may have been exaggerated. Alternatively, the findings may reflect variability in the severity of the disorder over time.Obsessive compulsive disorder is more common in women, although the differences are not as obvious as in depression or other anxiety disorders. An average female to male ratio of 1.5:1.0 is accepted for the community at large, although the ratio appears roughly equal in the adolescent population, reflecting perhaps the earlier onset in boys. In particularly in males, having obsessions and compulsions or magical thinking, poor social adjustment, and an early chronic course, predicted a worse outcome.A more recent 5-year prospective follow-up study of 100 OCD patients showed that in spite of the introduction of modern treatments, outcomes were similar to Skoog and Skoog's cohort, wit h only 20% reaching full remission of their OCD, 50% showing partial remission, and the remainder unchanged or worse over 5 years. Less severe illness and being married were associated with a better outcome (Steketee Eisen & Dyck, 1999).Most patients suffer a mixture of different obsessions or compulsions. Surveys have consistently identified contamination fears as the most common obsession, with concern about harm to others, pathological doubt, somatic obsessions and the need for symmetry also occurring frequently. Half of all OCD patients admitted for treatment suffer compulsions in the realm of repetitive checking or excessive cleaning and washing. 20 Key themes have been identified that underlie most symptoms. These include abnormal risk assessment, pathological doubt and incompleteness.Patients with OCD usually retain full insight into the absurdity of their symptoms, although this is not always the case (Insel & Akiskal, 1986). The DSM-IV singles out patients with poor insight as a meaningful subgroup. These individuals have more complex symptomatology, which makes diagnosis more difficult, and tend to be more severely ill. They have only a limited sense of the excessiveness and irrationality of their thoughts and behaviours and are therefore difficult to engage in treatment. They may appear to be deluded (and hence receive inappropriate treatment) but longitudinal studies show they do not go on to develop schizophrenia-like illnesses. In a cohort of 475 patients with OCD, (6%) displayed lack of insight.Mild forms of obsessional behaviour, such as repetitive checking or superstitious behaviour commonly occur in everyday life. They only meet the criteria for OCD if they are time-consuming, or associated with impairment or distress.Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, impulses and images also occur in other mental disorders thought to share a relationship with OCD: for example, the preoccupation with bodily appearance, in body dysmorphic disorder; with a feared object, in specific phobia; with illness, in hypochondriasis; or with hair-pulling, in trichotillomania. A diagnosis of OCD should only be contrast; men predominate in surveys of OCD referrals, possibly reflecting a greater severity in males.Women during pregnancy and the puerperium are particularly at risk of developing the disorder. In a study by Neziroglu et al of 59 mothers with OCD, experienced their symptoms for the first time during pregnancy. In many cases, pre-existing obsessional tendencies are unmasked and exaggerated by the events surrounding childbirth.Obsessive compulsive disorder is considered to be one of the most strongly inherited mental disorders (Pauls, Alsobrook, & Goodman, 1995). Approximately one-fifth of nuclear family members of OCD sufferers show signs of OCD, and the younger the sufferer the more likely they are to have a first-degree relative affected. The clustering of OCD and Tourette's syndrome (TS) within families suggests a common inherited factor.Th e course of the illness can vary from a relatively benign form in which the patient experiences infrequent, discrete episodes of illness interspersed with symptom-free periods, to malignant OCD, characterized by unremitting symptoms and substantial social impairment.In a 40-year prospective follow-up study, reported by Skoog and Skoog, the authors managed to locate and examine 144 out of 251 OCD patients who had previously been admitted as inpatients under their care between 1947 and 1953. 1Given that effective treatments for OCD were not developed until the end of the study, much of the data is naturalistic. The authors found that roughly 60% showed signs of general improvement within 10 years of onset of illness, rising to 80% by the end of the study.However, only 20% achieved full remission even after nearly 50 years of illness; 60% continued to experience significant symptoms; 10% showed no improvement whatsoever; and another 10% had worsened. In 60% of cases the content of the obsessions shifted markedly over the follow-up period (Pauls, Alsobrook, & Goodman, 1995).One-fifth of those who had shown an early, sustained improvement subsequently relapsed, even after 20 years without symptoms, suggesting early recovery does not rule out the possibility of very late relapse. Intermittent, episodic disease was common during the early stage of illness, and predicted a more favourable outcome, whereas chronic illness predominated in the later years.Early age of onset, made if there are also unrelated obsessive-compulsive symptoms, in which case more than one diagnosis may be warranted. Activities such as preoccupation with eating, sex, shopping and gambling are not considered genuine compulsions because they are not egodystonic, and the individual usually only tries to resist because of the adverse consequences.Reference:Hollander E, Wong C, 1998). Psychosocial functions and economic costs of obsessive compulsive disorder, CNS Spectrums (3 (5) suppl. 1:48-58.Insel T, Akiskal H, 1986. Obsessive compulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenological analysis, Am J Psychiatry 143:1527-33.Nelson E, Rice J, 1997. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Am J Psychiatry 154:826-31.Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP, Goodman W et al, 1995). A family study of obsessive compulsive disorder, Am J Psychiatry 152 : 76-84.Robins LN, Holzer JE, Weissman MM et al, 1984 Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites, Arch Gen Psychiatry (1984) 41 :949-58.Steketee G, Eisen J, Dyck I et al, (1999) Predictors of course in obsessive compulsive disorder, Psychiatr Res   89 (3):229-38.  Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GL et al, 1994. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, J Clin Psychiatry 55 :5-10.

International Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing plan - Essay Example South African food market has been a market on the rise especially after the apartheid times dating back to 1994. McDonald's has had to adapt to the South African market in respect to its political, legal, and economic as well as the social environment. A firm wishing to operate in an international market must have the understanding that different nations exhibit different systems of operation (Kotler 1997). These systems include taxation laws, government policy, a country's inflation, interest and exchange rates, culture of the people, level of technology among others. The first consideration in this paper is the SLEPT analysis of McDonald's in South Africa. As earlier highlighted the end of apartheid in South Africa brought forth a great deal of developments in South Africa and in particular increased interest by foreign investors (Kotler 1997). In the lead was McDonald's which set its first restaurant in November 1995. The factors that have come to affect McDonald's under SLEPT analysis are legal, political, economic, technological as well as social ones. There are those factors related to language, ethnic background(s), religion of a people and values that they hold as well as perceptions. These factors are known to force firms to adopt completely different approaches to the market especially in the way the firm advertises its products. There are certain values and beliefs, societal norms and cultural orientations that the firm must put into consideration in conducting its day to day business. In the South African context, McDonald's faces a culture that is not too liberal like that of its mother country, USA. For this reason its products and their adverts must conform to the accepted norms under the African culture. There was also the perception that firms like McDonald's were established in South Africa to serve the white population (Kotler 1997). Due to the just ended apartheid regime, the black population had resented white affiliated facilities, goods and amenities. For this reason McDonald's had to take this market from a totally different perspective from that of maybe, China. The names and symbols of the products have to conform to the linguistic connotations or manifestations of South Africa. The firm in its adverts includes South African language so as to attract and make customers feel that McDonald's is part of them. Legal/political factors In all countries of the world, businesses are operated within the legislation frameworks set. In South Africa the adverts must conform to moral standards upheld in the law. Scenes that appear provocative for example nudity are outlawed as well as language use in adverts which should fall within the realms of social conformity. Failure to uphold these standards results in legal suits against a firm and as well as other harsh measures like license cancellation in more deviant cases. As highlighted earlier, the political changes that occurred in the early 1990s made McDonald's to view South Africa as a viable market (Kotler 1997). The political atmosphere has been quite stable as compared to many of its neighbours and this has enabled the firm to thrive. Corruption on the other hand has been relatively put to check which has made McDonald's and many other multinationals to have a better

What do you believe to be the main force driving change in the Essay

What do you believe to be the main force driving change in the International Business Environment - Essay Example The traditional ways of transacting businesses are becoming obsolete due rapid changes and inventions. Cultural, political, environmental, and economical forces characterize globalization and have great impact in the international business environment. Introduction Globalization is the process by which people all over the globe are interconnected into one village such that an occurrence in one part of the world will have a direct impact on the other part. Major changes in international business environment and business operations are because of globalization of business. Today, several significant transformations can be observed in the international business environment and most of these transformations are occurring spontaneously. The changes are unpredictable and inevitable such that one transformation is leading to emergence of more numerous changes. Similar to industrial revolution that completely transformed business environment in Europe, these transformations are necessary in both their outcome and magnitude. The main transformation includes increased competition, rapid changes, and increased use of computers and adoption of sophisticated information technology and networks. Investors or rather employers need to learn the new principles of success, and keep reinventing the objectives of the business (Batra and Dangwal, 2005, p.88). People from different states have developed similar tastes and preferences leading to homogeneity of needs. Globalization encompasses numerous processes by which, institutions, money, people, goods, and services are able to cross territorial or domestic boundaries freely Globalization as a process is a result of sociocultural, political, economic, and technological forces. Globalization is mostly used to mean economic globalization, which is the connectedness of world economies into international economy though exchange of goods, capital investment, migration, and increased use of technology (Brooks and Weatherston et al., 201 1, p.165). The continuing increase in globalization raises the need to understand the different cultures of the world more so corporates and communities cultures. There is an increased transfer of workforce or experts from one country to another, in effort to assist establish new locations of the company or boost existing ones in order to achieve their objectives (KPMG International, 2013, p. 2). Mere knowledge of communication skills is not enough but also the understanding of cultural influences, varied communication designs and social settings of every society do drive the success of globalization. The real standing of globalization can be understood by focusing on three main changes. The first major change is the one witnessed in the job markets. The increased demand of employees with multilingual knowledge has led to people moving from state to another for employment or travelling internationally for the purpose of business transactions (Gelbart, 2012, p. 1). Also of important is the emergence of e-commerce, which have a major impact on competition and growth of market as the original location of firm is not an issue anymore. Increased in cross boarders travels has in turn led to wide spread of traditional cultures and practices all over the world. People’s cultures all over the world seem to rhyme and everybody seems to be adapting to global behaviors, especially in trade industry. Focusing on our social environment